630 SLO DILTES iO Te SIROLDIZINEAS 
of one-tenth. The ribs are of the usual broad character of the 
African Permian reptiles generally, and the pelvis shows the 
broad ischium and pubis of the Cynodonta. 
Gomphognathus.—Vhis is perhaps the most interesting of the 
South’ Altrican sxeptiles;, because (of iist=creaty similaninyasim 
structure to the mammalia. Yhis is most apparent in the double 
occipital condyles, in the length of the separated nasal cavity, 
in the division of the teeth into premolars and molars, as well 
as into the major divisions of the dentition, the incisors, canines, 
and molars. The whole aspect of the skull is strikingly mam- 
malian. The molar teeth have a posterior cusp or heel, and the 
outer edge is raised into a sharp cusp. 
The geological and the geographical relations of this group 
are of extreme interest. They range in time only through the 
Permian and the Triassic. They are known only from a very 
limited region in South Africa, and from an even more limited 
region in the United States, where indeed the whole range of the 
fossiliferous beds is within the limits of four counties. Besides 
these two regions there is the case of the single tooth from the 
Wurtemberg region. 
DinosaurRiA.—The Dinosauria, or the Dinosaurs, is the name 
applied to a large group of extinct animals that were confined 
to the Mesozoic time exclusively. When the existence of the 
group was first recognized by Owen, in 1839, he considered it 
as a well-defined order. Jater discoveries have shown that 
under the original description there must be placed in the order 
animals of the most diverse character, so that it is becoming 
apparent that the old group must be abandoned and another: 
or, more correctly, several others, substituted. The very com- 
prehensive character of the order, as usually defined, may be 
seen from the following characters given by Marsh, Zittel, 
Haeckel, and other writers on the group. 
Premaxillary bones separate; upper and lower temporal 
arches present; no teeth on the palate; rami of the lower jaws 
united by cartilage only; vertebre proccelus, opisthoccelus, or 
amphiccelus, sacral vertebre united; scapula elongate; no pre- 
