FOSSIL VERTEBRATES — REPTILIA 723 
head was short and high with strong teeth and small lateral 
vacuities. The whole animal had a length of nearly three feet. 
Rhamphorynchus had a rather long snout, edentulous at the 
anterior end in both the upper and the lower jaws. The remaining 
portions of the jaws were filled up with rather long and slender 
teeth which were directed forward. The teeth were of different 
sizes in the jaws, but, in general, the largest were in the anterior 
part. The neck was short and strong and the cervical vertebre 
very short. The sternum was broad and furnished with a 
median keel for the attachment of strong muscles as in the 
modern flying birds. The tail was long with 30-36 vertebrz 
and strengthened by tendons. The wing of this form was more 
slender than in the majority of the Prerodactyls and resembled 
that of the night hawk or goatsucker. The genus is known 
from the Upper Jurassic (Lithographic Slates) of Bayern and 
Wurtemberg. 
Scaphognathus was much like the preceding, except that the 
teeth extended to the extremities of the jaws and were few in 
number. They were directed vertically instead of forward. 
Specimens of this genus are known from the Upper Jurassic of 
Germany and of England. 
Ormithochierus is the name given to a very large form that is 
known from numerous fragments in the Jurassic deposits of 
England. The jaws seem to have been furnished rather sparsely 
with teeth of considerable size which extended to the extremity 
of the jaws. There are a great many species represented in the 
rocks of England from the Wealden to the Cretaceous, in all 
about 25. One form from the Chalk, QO. giganteus, must have 
possessed a spread of wing of about 15~18 feet. 
Fteranodontide: the skull long and terminating in sharp, 
edentulous jaws; no lateral vacuities in the skull; the tail, short. 
Ornithostoma was originally described from the fragment of a 
jaw from the Chalk of England, but no more of it was known 
than that it was without teeth. 
Pteranodon (?), from the Upper Niobrara, Cretaceous of 
Kansas, was a very large form with toothless jaws ; probably 
