856 REVIEWS 
traces, but when it reached that part of the Upper Devonian seas which 
is now western New York, it found a wonderfully congenial environ- 
ment and blossomed out anew. 
The strata occupied by the normal Intumescens fauna are those of 
the typical Portage series of Hall in western New York. The fauna 
makes its first appearance, however, in the Styliola limestone in the 
midst of the Genesee shale, after which it disappears during the 
deposition of the Upper Genesee shales, to reappear in the Portage 
beds. Such a preliminary appearance of a new fauna, before it 
becomes an established normal fauna, is called by Professor Clarke a 
prenunctal fauna. ‘The Styliola limestone, therefore, contains the 
prenuncial Intumescens fauna. 
Further east, in the Ithaca section, the Intumescens fauna never 
became the normal fauna, but there existed contemporaneously with it 
a fauna which was constituted in large part of a recurrence of Hamilton 
species. Occasionally, however, a species of A/antecoceras wandered 
into this region from the west and is found associated with the Ithaca 
fauna. 
From this relation of faunas it will be readily seen that the term 
Portage cannot be used both in a stratigraphic and in a faunal sense. 
If it is used as a faunal name it must be restricted to the Intumescens 
fauna, the fauna of the original Portage rocks. If it is used as a strati- 
graphic name to include all those strata in New York which were 
deposited during a given portion of Upper Devonian time, it will 
include at least two quite distinct faunas. For the expression of the 
time duration and the geographic restriction of a particular faunal 
province, a technical term is often needed; a term which has not only 
a time significance, but a geographic significance as well. For this 
Professor Clarke has proposed the term Zoehemera,; thus the zoehemera 
of Manticoceras intumescens would be the time during which the 
Intumescens fauna existed in the restricted geographic area in which 
it was distributed. 
Professor Clarke’s paper is devoted entirely to the cephalopods of 
the fauna, but the reader is led to believe that the remaining classes. 
will be discussed at an early date. Of the cephalopods thirty species 
and varieties are recognized, twenty-one of them being described as 
new. Thirteen of the forms belong to the characteristic Intumescens 
fauna genus, A/anticoceras. Under the older conception of species of 
goniatites nearly all of these might perhaps be included in the one 
