206 Mr Gadow, On the supposed relationship [Oct. 26, 



which had until a recent date been considered as peculiar to 

 Birds. 



The double two-armed pubic bones : all the Orthopoda. 



The increased number of vertebrae to which the long ilia are 

 attached : most of the Dinosaurs with an upright gait. 



The upright gait itself: Orthopoda and most Theropoda. 



The possession of ascending process of the so-called astragalus 

 and its fusion with the tibia : Compsognathus and Ceratosaurus 

 among Theropoda ; and in Ornithomimus. 



Fusion of the proximal tarsalia with the tibia and fibula : 

 Anchisaurus. 



Attachment of the distal tarsalia to the metatarsalia : Comp- 

 sognathus. 



Vestigial condition, or absence of the fifth metatarsal : Anchi- 

 saurus, Compsognathus, Scelidosaurus, Iguanodon. 



Backward position of the hallux, and proximal reduction of its 

 metatarsal : Compsognathus. 



The proximal half of the third metatarsal is pressed back 

 between the second and fourth : Ornithomimus. 



The functional metatarsals are much elongated and more or 

 less fused with each other : Compsognathus, Ceratosaurus. 



The phalangeal numbers of the second to fourth toes, namely 

 2, 3, 4, 5 : Camptosaurus and Laosaurus ; 3, 4, 5 in Iguanodon. 



It would be a very unscientific, but unfortunately not un- 

 precedented, procedure to take all these numerous resemblances 

 together, and to conclude that Birds have descended from Dino- 

 saurs. Huxley was the first to show clearly that Birds have 

 sprung from a Reptilian stock, and he said of the Dinosaurs, 

 especially his " Ornithoscelidae " (Iguanodon, Scelidosaurus, Ha- 

 drosaurus, Megalosaurus, Compsognathus, among others) that they 

 " present a large series of modifications intermediate in structure 

 between existing Reptilia and Aves" {Manual of Anatomy of 

 Vertebrated Animals, London, 1871, p. 223). Since that time our 

 knowledge of the Dinosaurs has been enormously increased. Baur 

 {Morphol. Jahrbuch, Vol. Vin. 1882; "Der Tarsus der Voegel und 

 Dinosaurier") proved to his own satisfaction " dass die Dinosaurier 

 in Wirklichkeit die Stammeltern der Voegel sind, glaube ich nach 

 meinen Untersuchungen als sicher hinstellen zu duerfen," and he 

 stuck to the same view in two shorter papers in Morphol. Jahrb. X. 

 1885, in answer to Professor Dames' criticisms (Archaeopteryx, in 

 Palaeontolog. Abhandl., Vol. II. 1885 ; and Morphol. Jahrb. X.). 

 In Morph. Jahrb. x. p. 615, Baur said "In den herbivoren Dino- 

 sauriern, speciell in den ornithopodenaehnlichen Formen, haben 

 wir die Stammeltern der Voegel zu suchen, und zwar die Stamm- 

 eltern der Ratiten, waehrend wir die Carinaten als von den 

 Ratiten abstammend betrachten." He has since given up this 



