300 A. P. COLEMAN 



branches of Larix americana and Abies balsamea ; and similar 

 layers but in less quantity occur at a few points 20 or 30 feet 

 higher up in cross bedded sand. Near the top of the sand numer- 

 ous nut-like concretions of brown iron ore are found and occa- 

 sionally also a few shells, such as Sphaerium rhomboideum, S. 

 fabale, Limnaea sp., Planorbis sp., and Valvata tricarinata, but 

 unios have not been obtained from them. The stratified sands 

 were apparently laid down like the clays, from materials brought 

 from the north by the Laurentian river, but in shallower water 

 where wave action was effective, forming wide sand flats and 

 largely filling the western side of the bay previously described. 

 If they stretched eastwards toward the Pickering shore of the 

 bay they must have been eroded afterwards, since they run out 

 8 or 9 miles from the river Don. That the stratified sand 

 has undergone great erosion will be shown later. The sand is 

 exposed for about 5 miles along the Scarboro' cliffs and is found 

 overlying the peaty clay 6 miles west near Mt. Pleasant ceme- 

 tery, so that it extends at least 1 1 miles. 



A series of interglacial sands and gravels occurs in western 

 Toronto and is well exposed in large pits near Christie and Shaw 

 streets ; but its exact relationship to the Scarboro' deposits is 

 not certain. Where the two series meet near the corner of 

 Dupont and Bathurst streets there are two or three beds of clay 

 with peaty layers interstratified with sand, suggesting that the 

 sand and gravel are of the same age as the Scarboro' clay. 

 In the sewer opened at this point the only fossils found, beyond 

 the remains of beetles, mosses, seeds, etc., from the peaty layers, 

 are a few small bits of wood, which have not been determined, 

 and the ulna of a mammoth or mastodon. The latter, however, 

 may not belong to these beds, since it has been smoothed and 

 scratched by glacial action, and may have lain on the surface at 

 the time of the Wisconsin ice advance. 



In the sand and gravel pits half a mile to the west no clay 

 is to be seen and it is not certain whether the beds correspond 

 to the warm climate period of the Don, or to the cool climate 

 period of Scarboro', or include the equivalents of both periods. 



