TERTIARY HISTORY OF THE TENNESSEE RIVER 197 



different lines, Mr. Simpson independently came to the same con- 

 clusion as that reached by Messrs. Hayes and Campbell, supporting 

 the second of the two hypotheses already referred to, on biological 

 evidence alone. This came as a most striking confirmation of the 

 work of Hayes and Campbell, and the paper created much interest. 

 The biological evidence is given in greater detail in Mr. Simpson's 

 monograph on The Naiades, or Pearly Fresh-Water Mussels. The 

 nature of this argument is considered below. 



In 1 901 Mr. Charles C. Adams accepted the theory of capture 

 as set forth by Messrs. Hayes and Campbell, explaining upon the 

 basis of this theory certain faunal peculiarities of the region in ques- 

 tion. Mr. Adams' paper, entitled Baseleveling and its Faunal Sig- 

 nificance, with Illustrations from the Southeastern United States, 

 accounts for the differences existing in members of the same group 

 of shells as found in the Tennessee and Alabama systems as being 

 due to a separation of the group into parts by the diversion of the 

 upper Tennessee at Chattanooga, and subsequent evolution of these 

 two groups along somewhat different lines. 



A recent number of the Journal 0} Geology contains an article by 

 Mr. C. H. White on "The Appalachian River versus a Tertiary Trans- 

 Appalachian River in Eastern Tennessee." Mr. White reviews the 

 evidence presented by Hayes and Campbell, believes that it is not 

 sufficient to prove the diversion of the Tennessee from a former 

 southward course, and concludes in favor of the first of the hypotheses 

 given above — that the river has occupied its present course across 

 the mountain since the Cretaceous cycle. The biological evidence 

 furnished by the Unionida? is not considered by Mr. White, nor does 

 he present direct evidence in support of his conclusions. 



Professors T. C. Chamberlin and R. D. Salisbury, in their recent 

 textbook on Geology (Vol. I, pp. 164-68), devote several pages to a 

 presentation of the Tennessee problem as an example of river cap- 

 ture due in part to crustal warping. 



THE PROBLEM STATED 



Hayes and Campbell have shown that near the close of the Cre- 

 taceous period the region about Chattanooga had been reduced to a 

 nearly featureless peneplain over which the streams wandered with 



