242 ROLLIN T. CHAMBERLIN 



terminal morainic ridges which, running northeast and southwest 

 across the quadrangle, mark successive halts in the glacier's retreat. 

 These may be termed in the order of their ages, the Alden, St. Croix, 

 and Franconia recessional moraines. (See map.) Splendid outwash 

 and pitted-plain topography, especially east of the St. Croix ridge, 

 together with some ground moraine, appear between these morainic 

 belts. 



The Alden moraine. — To the oldest of the three terminal moraines 

 which come within this quadrangle, as I interpret them, I have given 

 the name Alden, from the township on the Dalles map in which it 

 occurs. Only a small portion of the big moraine is included in the 

 Dalles sheet, whose southeast corner it crosses. In this neighbor- 

 hood the axis of the belt apparently runs nearly northeast and south- 

 west, but a short distance beyond the edge of the sheet it must quickly 

 turn nearly due north (as the St. Croix terminal does), for the Alden 

 moraine is found as a wide belt of alternating hummock and kettle, 

 about two miles off the map, northeast of Deer Lake. Just how far 

 east of this belt the outermost terminal moraine of the Superior 

 glacier lies, I am unable to say, though it cannot be a great distance. 



While the ice-front oscillated back and forth across this Alden 

 belt, a rough ground-moraine topography was being formed under 

 the body of the glacier to the west. Later, when the ice-edge was at 

 the St. Croix recessional, much of this rough country was covered 

 by outwash. This is particularly true of the northern portion, where 

 only the higher hills of ground moraine have escaped the covering of 

 stratified deposits. But from Sand Lake south, for reasons which 

 will be brought out later, not only the hills, but the great hollows 

 as well, remain. Some of the land appears rather rough for ordinary 

 ground moraine, but it must be borne in mind that this area lies 

 between two adjacent terminal moraines, and that all of the inter- 

 mediate ground might be broadly included in a comprehensive ter- 

 minal belt. That the high-hill and lake-basin topography was the 

 type to be seen in the northeast portion of the quadrangle before 

 the outward streamlets began their work, seems probable. 



The St. Croix moraine.* — After a period of melting faster than the 

 glacier advanced, according to my views, equilibrium was again 



1 Name given by Dr. Berkey, American Geologist, Vol. XX (1897), p. 360. 



