88 Revieivs — Prof. Bonney — Volcanoes in Many Lands.*' 



After several chapters dealing with Tarawera, Matavanu, and 

 Kilauea, the book goes on to consider Java, Krakatau, and Luzon. 



In Java Dr. Anderson visited, among other peaks, Guntur, 

 Papandayang, Telaga Bodas, and the Tenger crater, with its enclosed 

 cones of Batok, Bronio, and Widodaren. Guntur is a fine pyramidal 

 mass rising up out of quite level ground. It is now quiescent, and, 

 though a fine photograph of it was obtained from a distance, the 

 jungle with which it was covered made it impossible to photograph 

 the crater. Papandayang, which is quite close to Guntur, is also 

 at present quiescent, but in 1772 there occurred one of the most 

 destructive eruptions which have affected the island. It shows 

 from a distance the characteristic form of a fragraental cone, its 

 crater is large, but is now only occupied by fumaroles and hot 

 springs. From here Dr. Anderson went on to the other end of 

 the island, where he visited the Tenger crater and its accompanying 

 smaller cones. This region shows volcanic phenomena on a very 

 large scale. The Tenger crater, which is close to the town of 

 Tosari, is 6 miles long by 4 J broad, and contains on its floor, 

 which is known as the Zandzee, three minor cones, Batok, Bromo, 

 and Widodaren. These all present the customary form of such 

 minor fragmental cones, and their sides are deeply furrowed by 

 small gullies cut out of the loose ash. Of these only Bromo is 

 still active. Some very excellent photographs were obtained of this 

 crater, one showing very well the smooth-sided depression like 

 a " gigantic pudding mould " with the steaming vent at the bottom. 

 From Java Dr. Anderson went on to Krakatau, and from there to 

 Luzon in the Philippine Islands, where he visited the Taal lake and 

 volcano, and also sailed round the island, taking photographs of 

 several volcanoes on the way. One of these is Mayon, in the south- 

 east corner of Luzon ; this, as seen from the sea, presents a very fine 

 example of an ash cone, being 8,970 feet high, quite symmetrical 

 and showing the concave volcanic curve to perfection. This volcano 

 was in eruption in 1814, and devastated the neighbouring country, 

 killing 12,000 of the natives. At tlie south-western corner of the 

 island is tlie Taal volcano. This is an island in the centre of 

 the Taal or Bombon lake, which is a huge cauldron of water 

 17 miles long by 11 wide, and is probably the remains of a great 

 caldera. The Taal volcano is about 760 feet high, dotted over with 

 small craters, and having one chief crater about three-quarters of 

 a mile wide; it contains two hot lakes and also a small internal 

 crater with boiling mud on its floor. A few blocks of lava are 

 visible, but no flows or dykes can be seen. There have been fairly 

 frequent eruptions, the most violent of which took place in 1754. 



The most striking feature of the photographs reproduced in this 

 book is the many excellent distant views of the mountains which are 

 included; the portraying of details of volcanic craters must always 

 be difiicult on account of the impossibility of exhibiting properh'- the 

 bowl-like form from any position on the rim even with a lens giving 

 a very wide angle of view, and also to the presence of clouds of 

 smoke and steam, but the general view of a mountain is generally 

 much more satisfactory from a pictorial and also scientific point of 



