Si7' H. H. Hoivorth — Geological History of the Baltic. 365 



height; all this is jauntily suggested, forgetful of the fact that 

 the modulus of ice is such that it crushes and liquefies when sub- 

 jected to a very moderate pressure. This fantastic machine is 

 then supposed to have climbed up into Norfolk, and when only 

 moving at the speed of an exhausted tortoise to have done two 

 kinds of dynamical work quite inconsistent with each other, and at 

 the same time, namely, passed over numerous beds of stratified crag 

 sands without disturbing their layers, and at the same time to have 

 completely broken up the solid chalk, causing the greatest confusion 

 in its beds, which are crossed by endless faults, some of them scores 

 of feet in extent. It then proceeded to detach huge cakes of solid 

 chalk hundreds of yards long from the matrix (by what mechanical 

 process has never been explained), and in the process to have shattered 

 the great mass of the upper layers into myriads of unweathered 

 angular lumps and boulders and thousands of tons of chalk dust, and 

 to have bodily lifted up and carried in its terrific and destructive 

 arms, not only the great cakes and ribbons oi chalk just named, but 

 also huge masses as big as houses, and whirled them along, and then 

 deposited them in the midst of stratified and beautifully laminated 

 sands without causing any breaks either in the lines or the curves of 

 the layers, which it arranged in concentric form about the intruded 

 masses, while in other places it laid down these sands in huge curves 

 with re-entering curvatures without any breaks in the lines, and in 

 other places to have torn up masses of these sands with their internal 

 structure undisturbed, and then carried off these fragile lumps 

 unbroken and uninjured at the time when it was pounding and 

 smashing and tearing the chalk to the depth of scores of yards. 

 All this 'and much more I have set out years ago in papers in the 

 Geological Magazine, notably in a discussion of the ''Dislocations 

 in the Chalk of Norfolk" in the volume for 1907. 



Since, then, it has become plainer every day that these dislocations 

 were not confined to Norfolk and Suffolk but were synchronous with 

 great movements of the chalk south of the Thames entirely oxit of reach 

 of any ice-sheets; in the border of the English Channel, in Hampshire, 

 the Isle of Wight, in Northern France, in Flanders, and elsewhere. 

 The evidence seems to point to the same impetus having been the real 

 cause of a great deal of the shaping of the north and south Downs 

 and of the synclinals which are correlated with these whale-backed 

 ridges, which in jjlaces have pot-holes on their surface containing 

 casts of Miocene shells, showing how late the upheaval must have 

 been. The same movement doubtless threw down the' chalk in 

 Holland to a portentous depth, carrying with it in places hundreds 

 of feet of rearranged Crag and Pleistocene sands. It is clear that 

 the same portentous cause must also have operated in the Baltic 

 lands, inducing there a repetition of precisely the phenomena we 

 have in Norfolk, and, so far as the evidence leads, quite con- 

 temporaneously. All this capacity and work has been attributed 

 by a long dominant school especially potent in the arcana of Official 

 geology to the handiwork of ice, whose proved impotence to compass 

 such work they have entirely ignored, and who have refused to listen 

 to those who had been trained in the more precise methods of 



