Sir H. H. Hoivorth — Geological History of the Baltic. 397 



Cromwell and Manuherekia basins in Central Otago and the out- 

 wash drifts at the end of the Tasmau glacier present many features 

 in common with the Taieri Moraine. 



He refers to the fault dislocations of the Blue Spur deposits; and 

 expresses the opinion that they appear to be much earlier than the 

 Pleistocene, but he gives no data in support of this view. 



Mr. Trechmann says there is no evidence of transported erratics at 

 the foot of the Otago Peninsula and Banks' Peninsula. At the 

 former I know of no erratics, but there aie deposits near Dunedin 

 that if not glacial are otherwise difficult to explain. I have never 

 contended that an ice-sheet extended to the foot of Banks' Peninsula, 

 or even covered any portion of the Canterbury Plains. What I 

 have postulated was that glaciers descended to the existing sea- 

 strands where these strands coincided with the Pleistocene strands, 

 as on the east coast of South Otago and in South Westland. The 

 Pleistocene strand of South Canterbury followed the foot-hills that 

 form the western boundary of the plains. At the maximum Pleisto- 

 cene extension the Canterbury Plains were only in the early stage 

 of formation. Perhaps the fault that I have been misquoted on this 

 question lies at my own door. When discussing the Pleistocene 

 extension of our glaciers I thought it would be self-evident that this 

 jilaciation could only refer to New Zealand as it existed in the 

 Pleistocene. 



Reference is made by Mr. Trechmann to the freshness of the 

 glacial phenomena in the Alpine regions of New Zealand. The 

 glaciation there is that of to-day or yesterday. In my belief it 

 would-be sui'prising to find the same freshness among the glacial 

 phenomena developed during the Pleistocene extension of the 

 glaciers. 



In conclusion, let me say that Mr. Trechmann was a most welcome 

 visitor to the shores of New Zealand. His palgeontological researches 

 have thrown valuable light on some problems that long baffled New 

 Zealand geologists ; and for this reason I regret that I am unable to 

 see eye to eye with him on the glaciation question. 



EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIV. 

 Fig. 1. — Eeproduction from a photograph of large Andesitic Boulder near 

 Mangaweka in the Bangitikei Valley, New Zealand. Measures 14 x 6 x 

 • 55 feet ; weight over 37 tons. 

 Fig. 2. — Portion of the surface of the same Boulder, showing grooves and 

 striations. Eeproduced by permission of the New Zealand Institute from 

 the Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. xlviii (n.s.), pp. 135-7, 1915. 



III. — The Recent Geological History of the Baltic and Scandt- 



NAVIA and its importance IN THE PoST-TeRTIAKY HiSTORY OF 



Western Europe. 

 By Sir Henry H. Howorth, K.C.I.E., F.R.S., F.S.A., F.G.S. 

 (Continued from the August Number, -p. 367.) 



WE will now try and picture to ourselves how the circulation of 

 the water was affected by the breach in the land bridge. 

 We have seen in the earlier part of these papers that one of its effects 



