402 Sir H. H. Howorth — Geological History of the Baltic. 



been temporarily submerged. The kitchen-middens are ordinarily 

 3 to 5 feet, but in some places, as at Meilgard to Kolindsund, they 

 are 10 feet above the sea-level. Sometimes they are 1,000 feet long, 

 with a breadth of 150 to 200 feet. In the latter cases their surface 

 is undulating and often surrounds a depression free from them, as at 

 Haveln, near Frederiksund, where the habitations of the natives 

 probably were. Their interiors in most cases are unstratified. 



Others found on the shore and near the waves are covered with 

 sand and gravel, and the whole of their contents is more or less 

 stratified, as at Biledt near Frederiksund. It is clear that in such 

 cases the old mariners cooked their food on the shore after dis- 

 embarking, and the tide has afterwards rearranged them. 



Morlot again called attention to the curious circumstance that 

 the kitchen-middens, the greater portion of whose contents are 

 stratified, yet consist of a heterogeneous mass of shells and other 

 debris deposited out of the reach of the waves, and sometimes have 

 a covering of rolled and stratified materials. This is only found up 

 to, a height of 14 to 18 feet above the sea-level, and always on the 

 slope facing the sea. At Oesterild in North Jutland this covering 

 attains a depth of a foot, and contains pebbles as big as the eggs of 

 a goose. Above the covering there is nothing. He concludes thus: 

 "II parait done, que I'age des Kjoehhenmoedding a ete clos par 

 quelque catastrophe, qui a violemment agite les eaux de la mer, 

 laquelle a fait alors irruption jusqu'a une hauteur peu considerable 

 au dela de son domaine habituel. II se pourrait, que cet evenement 

 eut eu lieu a une epoque quelconque posterieure a la fin de I'age des 

 Kjoehkenmoedding. Cependant M. Steenstrup est dispose a le 

 considerer corame marquant le terme meme de cet age." ^ 



Steenstrup also argued from another side that some uplift of the 

 coast had taken place since the deposit of the kitchen-middens, and 

 has shown that where the shores are low and shelving the midden 

 mounds occur at only a few feet above high tide mark, but they 

 reach a somewhat higher level when the coast is more abrupt. This 

 distribution of the kitchen-middens seems to show that the land has 

 not as a whole risen or sunk very much since they were deposited, 

 for they are not likely to have been deposited either very far from 

 the sea or at a great level above it. So much for the kitchen- 

 middens. Turning to the raised beaches containing the same 

 characteristic shells as the middens, namely, the Tapes beds, they 

 are found on each side of the Cattegat, both in Jutland and on the 

 Swedish side. They increase in number as we go northwards, 

 although of the same age. Large numbers of dead shells of the 

 Tapes also occur on the floor of the Southern Cattegat. In the upper 

 part of the Cattegat north of the island of Laeso we meet with a much 

 raoi-e abundant living marine fauna, which closely approximates to 

 that of the Skagerack and the Christiania Fjord, due doubtless to the 

 greater depth and salinity of its waters. In one respect in which 

 this approximation takes place there is no relationship whatever 

 between the two sections of the Cattegat, and the difference is 



^ Morlot, "Etudes Geologico-Archeologiques en Danemark et in Suisse " : 

 Bull. Soc. Vaudoise, Sci. Nat., vi, No. 46, pp. 275-6, 1860. 



