Sir H. H. Hoivorth — Geological History of the Baltic. 405 



once have had access to the sea at certain seasons, as is the case with 

 these fish elsewhere. It is now imprisoned in the lakes all the year 

 round. This is no doubt due to the cutting off of its waterway 

 thither by the dislocations I have mentioned, which are thus proved 

 to have been sudden and paroxysmal. The gorge is closely associated 

 with the numerous raised beaches in the district, both on the coast 

 and inland, and which are at an abnormal height. There is no other 

 explanation of the presence of the raised shell beds here, but the 

 bodily and violent uplifting of the rocks on which they lie to the 

 height of several hundreds of feet. This is shown by a remarkable 

 and well-known fact. 



When Lyell examined the surface of the gneiss at Capellbacken 

 immediately above the shell beds he found barnacles (JSalmii) 

 adhering to it, showing the sea had remained there a long time 

 and then been suddenly uplifted, for the barnacles {Balani) do not 

 occur at lower levels here. Lyell says he was able to verify this 

 observation by finding in the summer of 1834 at Kured, about two 

 miles north of TJddevalla and about 100 feet above tlie sea, a surface 

 of gneiss newly laid open by the removal of a mass of shells used 

 largely for making lime, etc., with the barnacles (Balani) so firmly 

 adhering to the gneiss that he was able to break off pieces of the 

 latter with the shells attached. The face of the gneiss was also 

 covered with Bryozoa. Other beds with the same shells occur near 

 TJddevalla, others again on the opposite island of Orust, as well as in 

 that at Tjorn and at points on the coast still further south [Principles 

 of Geology, ii, 192). 



"While this is the evidence of the barnacles [Balani) in regard to 

 the uplift of the rocks themselves, the evidence of the shells in the 

 raised beaches is also most impressive. I have spent a considerable 

 time among them on the spot and I have never seen anything like 

 them. The number of different species coming from several zones of 

 very different depths is phenomenal . G wyn Jeffreys collected eighty- 

 three species. They occur here in immense masses which have been 

 largely quarried, not mixed with sand and clay, but for the most 

 part washed clean; quite different, therefore, from any deposits in 

 the beaches to be found on ordinary shores. 



They are also very perfect and quite unweathered. I have a large 

 collection of them, exceedingly few of which are broken, and there 

 are a great many very fragile and tender shells such as big specimens 

 of Pholas, with their internal hooks quite intact, among them. 

 Attempts have been made to sort them out into different zones by 

 Gwyn Jeffreys, but they have signally failed, as Brogger allows. 

 If they were the current deposits of different periods they would not 

 lie as they do in juxtaposition. The only solution of their condition 

 and position is that they were collected by some great tidal wave 

 from a sea bottom of varying depth. These shells are also of the 

 most recent types, and except one or two insignificant varieties all 

 are living in the adjoining seas. To my own eye nothing I have 

 seen of the kind presents more complete evidence of the solidarity of 

 the beds in regard to the time and method of deposit. May I add 

 that the fact of the Balani remaining attached to the polished 



