368 Reviews — Newell Arber's Scenery of North Devon. 



Hartland Point ; their forms are due rather to the topographical 

 features of the land prior to the influence of the sea. 



This was the view taken by Mr. Clement Reid in reference to 

 Hartland Point in his Memorandum on the Coast Erosion of Cornwall 

 and North Devon. 1 In fact, more information on sea-coast erosion 

 has been published than the author appears to realize, from the time 

 of De la Beche's Geological Observer to that of the Sea- Coast by 

 Mr. W. H. Wheeler (1902), and the Reports of the Royal Commission 

 on Coast Erosion, which contain a bibliography of the subject bv 

 Mr. Whitaker. 



To the minor features along the coast, all of thein full of interest 

 and many of them never before described, the author has given special 

 attention. Erom Hartland to Boscastle and in other tracts, where to 

 judge from a small-scale map the indentations appear to be few, there 

 are many small promontories and little bays, some caused by the 

 relative hardness of the rocks, some by master-joints, faults, and 

 thrusts, aided by streams. The dislocations and contortions in the Culm 

 Measures are extraordinary in their abundance and variety, and many 

 striking pictures and diagrams are given by the author. Plate ii— our 

 Plate XVII 2 — which we reproduce by the courtesy of the Publishers, 

 represents some of the bolder features. JSTor has it been easy to get 

 photographs on a coast where the difficulties of access are great 

 and the breadth of shore but little : here the author expresses his 

 obligations to Mr. D. Gr. Lillie, who contributes a sketch-map of the 

 drainage of the country, and specially aided the author in his 

 observations on the waterfalls. 



No less than seventy-seven streams, flowing to the coast mostly 

 from short distances inland, are shown on the map. "While the 

 larger streams and rivers have been able to work faster at lowering 

 the inclination of their valleys at their mouths than the marine erosion 

 has been able to cut back the cliff, yet the smaller streams, possessing 

 less power of eroding their beds, have worked at a relatively slower 

 rate than the sea, and consequently end in hanging waters or coastal 

 falls." Waterfalls in all stages are thus to be observed, and the 

 influence exerted by the local inclinations and flexures in the strata, 

 the initiation of canyons, and the features in the streams that flow off 

 the Hog's-backs and flat-topped hills all receive attention. 



Reference is made to the Raised Beaches of Baggy Point and 

 Saunton, to the later Submerged Forests of Porlock and Westward 

 Ho !, and to the influence of the movements on the coast-line, on the 

 one hand in the separation of the "Woolaconibe cliff-line from the sea, 

 and on the other hand in the drowning of certain river-valleys. The 

 author regards a sandy beach as "a sure sign of a senile wave plat- 

 form ". Perhaps it would have been better to say that " senile wave 

 platforms" are characterized by sandy beaches, the instances given 

 being at Woolacombe, Croyde, Widemouth, and Brauntou Burrows, 

 where the supply of new materials eroded from the cliffs has ceased. 



1 Appendix, No. xii, B, p. 170, Report Royal Commission on Coast Erosion, 

 vol. i, pt. ii, 1907. 



2 Plate ii (our Plate XVII), " Synclinal Fold to the North of Bude, Hartland 

 District" (p. 7). 



