6 Rev. R. Ashington Bullen—Bolian Deposits at Etel. 
IlI.—Norrs on tHe Aor1an Deposrrs oN THE Coasr ar Even, 
Morsraan. Parr I. 
By Rev. R. Asuineron Buuuen, B.A. Lond., F.L.S., F.G.S8., ete. 
(PLATE IV.) 
§ 1. Etel: Introduction. 
§ 2. Raised Beach recently exposed. 
§ 38. The Granulitic Rock. 
) 4. Traces of Post-Neolithic Submergence. r 
§ 45. General remarks on the direction of the Riviere d’Etel, near the sea. 
» 6. The present Terrace Beach of pea-sized gravel. 
§ 7. The four Terraces on the seaward side, and their flora. 
§ 8. The Aolian Transport of Sand, etc., to form the Dunes. 
\ 9. Marine species contributing materials for dune formation, especially Mollusca. 
§ 10. Analysis of the Dune Sand. 
¢ 11. Need of further work on Sand-dunes. 
§ 1. Etel is situated on the west of the Megalithic district of 
which Carnac is the centre. It stands about 2 kilometres from the 
sea on the Riviére d’Etel. This so-called river is really an arm of the 
sea, which drains the extensive estuarine basin to the north-east, 
which is, in its way, almost another Morbihan (Little Sea) similar to 
the well-known one farther east. ‘The tide rushes into the latter at 
a rate of from 7 to 11 knots per hour, at neap and spring tides 
respectively, and its ingress into and egress from the Riviere d’Etel 
cannot be much less. M. P. Le Strat, who has been much at sea in 
different parts of the world, considered that the incoming tide was 
rushing in at a rate of 7 or 8 knots an hour under the bridge of 
Lorrois, where the river narrows, when we passed it on October 11, 
1909. The channel of the Riviére d’Etel is thus kept permanently 
open, and ships of from 50 to 150 tons are engaged in the tunny 
fishery and smaller boats in the sardine trade. Messrs. Peneau have 
a sardine-curing establishment at La Magoire, just opposite, across 
the river (Diagram, Text-fig. 1, p. 7). 
An expert naval officer kindly furnishes the following information :— 
(1) The rate the tide enters the Riviére d’Etel is 4 knots on the 
flood and it leaves at 5 on the ebb at spring tides. The latter, under 
special circumstances, might be more, but the amount the sailing 
directions give is the usual rate. 
(2) The depth in the navigable channel is from 33 to 8 fathoms. 
(3) The depth on the bar is about 1 foot at lowest water. The 
rise of water above this is, springs 16 or 17 feet, neaps 12 or 18 feet. 
(4) The bar has been known to dry as much as 8 feet at low-water. 
The wind also causes it to shift. 
(5) A hurricane blows from 80 to 100 miles an hour. The pressure 
at the latter speed is 492 lb. per square foot. 
§ 2. Quite recently the road to the beach at the point marked (x ) 
in the map, has been widened, and the clear perpendicular section 
reveals a Raised Beach, the base of which is about 15 feet above 
high-water mark, which probably, at the recent spring tide early in 
October (7th) last, reached its maximum, as it was aided by strong 
gales. The section of the Raised Beach now exposed shows a thick- 
ness of 2ft. 3in. to 2ft. 6in. It consists of well-rounded pebbles 
of opaque-milky, transparent, or fibrous quartz, stained a deep red, 
