A. M. Finlayson—Ore-bearing Pegmatites of Carrock Fell. 25 
and niobates. Scheelite is also recorded from granite at Chesterfield, 
Mass., with albite and tourmaline. The scheelite occurring with 
piedmontite in a rhyolite at South Mountain, Penn.,* may also be 
pyrogenetic, while the segregations or secretions of wolframite in 
granite in the Whetstone Mountains, Cochise Co., Arizona, may be 
regarded as pyrogenetic.® 
2. Pegmatites.—From these amples it is a short step to the 
tungsten-bearing pegmatites, of which there are several types. In the 
first place, tungsten-ore occurs in pegmatites without tourmaline, as 
at Grainsgill, and similarly at Torrington, New South Wales, where 
it is associated with bismuth, monazite, fluorspar, and _ beryl.* 
Secondly, there is a wolfram-tourmaline-tin phase of pegmatites, as 
in the granite of the Southern Black Hills, where they carry 
wolframite, with cassiterite, columbite, tantalite, and tourmaline.’ 
Likewise, at Etta Knob and Nigger Hill in South Dakota, the 
pegmatites carry wolframite and cassiterite with spodumene, lithia- 
mica, albite, and orthoclase. A third type of pegmatites carries also 
iron and copper sulphides, as at Sadisdorf near Altenberg, where 
wolframite occurs with lithia-mica, fluorspar, apatite, and chalcopyrite,’ 
and in the south part of the Sierra de Cordoba, Argentina, where the 
veins contain wolframite, apatite, mica, molybdenite, pyrite, and 
chalcopyrite. Similarly, in granite near Encruzilhada, Rio Grande, 
Brazil, wolframite occurs in a quartz-vein with muscovite, pyrite, 
and chalcopyrite.? All these three types of pegmatite-veins are 
closely allied, and, further, they show clear transitions to the pneumato- 
lytic type of vein, and to the normal type of sulphide-vein. 
3. Pneumatolytic Veins.—In this well-known type the tungsten- 
ores are associated with tin a tourmaline, as in Cornwall. The 
type is also well developed in Tasmania and Northern New South 
Wales, while many of the Spanish and Portuguese occurrences are of 
this type, as at Villa Real and Castello Branco. 
4. Contact-deposits.— In some instances, tungsten-ore occurs in 
deposits of contact origin, where it is generally associated with 
characteristic silicate-minerals of the contact zone, and where replace- 
ment has generally been a factor in its formation. Thus the scheelite 
deposit of Long Hill, Trumbull, Conn.,’ appears to be of this type. 
The deposits lie in a zone between crystalline limestone and horn- 
blende-gneiss, and are associated with epidote and zoisite. Again, 
scheelite occurs in the magnetite-sulphide deposits of Pitkaranta, 
Finland, where limestones have been intruded by granite.’ In 
Tasmania, wolframite, cassiterite, bismuthinite, and molybdenite occur 
1 J. P. Iddings, Igneous Rocks, New York, 1909, vol. i, pp. 42, 68. 
2 G. H. Williams, Amer. Journ. Sci., 1896, xlvi, p. 50. 
3 F. L. Hess, Bull. 380, U.S. Geol. Surv., 1909, p. 164. 
+ Mining Journal, 1905, p. 170. 
> F. L. Hess, Bull. 380, U.S. Geol. Surv., 1909, p. 131. 
 NWig TRS Blake, Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Enc., 1885, xii, p. 691. 
7 R. Beck, Zeits. fiir prakt. Geol., 1907, xv, p. 40. 
S Bodenbender, loc. cit., 1894, p. "409. 
° H. Kilburn Scott, Trans. Inst. Min. Eng., 1903, xxv, p. 510. 
10 ‘W. H. Hobbs, 22nd Ann. Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv., 1900— 1, pt. Mm, p- 13: 
1 Otto Tréstedt, Baudletin de la commission géologique ‘de Finlande, 1907, 1v, No. 19. 
