Reviews—Prof. E. S. Goodrich—Cyclostomes and Fishes. 127 
internal nares. Mr. Goodrich thinks that the nostrils were ventral in 
the Osteolepida; this can scarcely have been the case in fishes with 
a terminal mouth and marginal dentition, and in which (as in 
Cricodus) the small nasal pits were antero-lateral. 
The Crossopterygii follow the Dipnoi, and lead through Polypterus 
to the Chondrostei; the highly specialized present-day members 
of the last-named croup still retain many features of generalization, 
notably in the paired fins, and they can be traced back step by step 
to the paleozoic Paleoniscide, in our opinion the most primitive 
of all Teleostomes, in which the pelvic fins had an extended base, 
and were supported, as in the modern Psephurus, by a series of 
parallel pterygiophores. Mr. Goodrich has shown that Polypterus 
agrees with the Paleoniscide in scale structure, and this confirms 
the evidence derived from the paired fins, that the recent genus 
is not descended from the Osteolepida, but from more generalized 
Crossopterygians. 
In the classification of the Mesozoic fiche’ of the Actinopterygian 
series Mr. Goodrich follows Dr. Smith Woodward, except that he 
makes the Amioids equivalent in rank to the Teleosts, and by placing 
the Oligopleuride and some allied families in the former renders 
neither group definable. The classification of the Teleosteans is 
based on that of the ‘‘Cambridge Natural History’’, but the best 
feature of that system, its simplicity, has been lost. A number 
of new, and often unnatural, divisions are established, many of which 
are merely designated Super-family I, Branch A, Sub-tribe B, etc., 
and when names are given they only confuse matters still more. 
Thus the Cypriniformes are a sub-order, the Lampridiformes a division, 
the Zeorhombiformes a subdivision, the Perciformes a tribe, and 
the Cheetodontiformes a sub-tribe, whilst the termination ozdez is 
also used for a number of groups of unequal rank. In addition to the 
Siganide (Teuthidide of Giinther) and the Acanthuride (Teuthidide 
of modern authors) a family Teuthidide is included and diagnosed 
which has no actual existence. ‘he interposition of the Plectognathi 
between closely related families such as the Serranide and Cen- 
trarchide, and of the Ostariophysi between the Leptolepide and 
Elopide, cannot easily be justified; it would be paralleled by the 
intercalation of the Marsupials between Ornithorhynchus and Echidna. 
The illustrations are numerous and on the whole well-executed. 
Mr. Goodrich’s original restorations of the crania of some extinct. 
Dipnoans, and his diagrammatic sections illustrating scale structures 
are especially interesting. One of the least satisfactory figures is that 
of the caudal fin of the cod, for it does not show that most of the rays, 
except the few attached to the reduced hypural, are inserted each on 
its own basal support; the latter are about twice as numerous as the 
neural and hzmal spines, with which about half of them are ankylosed, 
whilst the rest remain distinct or unite with the neural and hemal 
spines by suture. This structure, clearly seen in Gadus virens and 
G@. morrhua, is probably characteristic of all the Gadide. 
__ A useful bibliography concludes the book, which, on the whole, 
does not compare favourably with some of the others in this series; 
for whilst the general chapters reach the high level expected of 
