Bernard Smith— Upper Keuper, East Nottinghamshire. 3807 
the contortions to swirling waters which he saw above the spot and 
whose action is clearly traced in the Koegas ravine, where for some 
800 yards above the mouth laminated strongly false-bedded alluvium 
is common, on the left bank dipping up the ravine, on the right bank 
down the ravine. 
err = 
Leazzzzzz Zz 
YZ LALLA LL 
CLE ZL LAAZEZLLLLLo EF 
Fie. 2. Stone in south wall of the tower, Fledborough Church, Notts, showing 
drift-bedding ripples. 
In the above example the contorted and brecciated appearance 
(Fig. 2) seen so frequently in the skerries is reproduced to perfection. 
It is also to be noted that the laminze of the dolomitic sandstones are 
overfolded and tucked away in synclinal form, but no one lamina ever 
forms a completely closed sphere or ellipsoid as we should expect if 
the structure was concretionary. In the channel of a stream issuing 
from a borehole I recently noticed ripple-marks being formed. The 
sediment was a silt composed of the debris of Coal-measure shales and 
sandstone and coaly fragments, which formed a deposit not at all 
pasty; yet pressure of the hand behind some of the ripples caused 
even this very liquid type of sediment to become contorted or slightly 
overfolded. 
Fie. 3. Stone in wall of Sutton Church, Notts, with broken lamine. Nat. size. 
The idea that the contortions may be due to contraction during 
dolomitization is dispelled when we remember that the disturbed 
layer is in many cases both underlain and overlain by a normally 
ripple-marked layer of identical minerals and percentage composition. 
Actual disturbance by water-action is also shown by the occurrence 
of the above-mentioned pieces of laminated and ripple-marked sand- 
stone in the more compact beds. ‘they have been torn away bodily 
and carried forward by the rush of muddy water and embedded in 
curved and twisted patches, which now weather out more easily 
than the non-laminated matrix. 
