456 h. G. A. Bullerwell—Superficial Deposits 
The railway cuts one of the hummocks above the 800 feet contour- 
line. The section about 25 feet above the railway level is obscured by 
the falling gravel and sand, but the pebbles are all well rounded and 
consist of quartz, porphyrite, sandstone, limestone, etc. A few of the 
fragments retain evidence of glacial striation. 
From Kingston Dean to Roddam Dean and between the 400 and 
the 500 feet contour-lines gravels abut against a cliff of Old Red 
Sandstone conglomerate. At the entrance to Roddam Dean the 
following section is exposed for a length of about 85 feet:— 
(a) 2 feet, fine gravel. 
(6) 22 feet, sand. . 
(c) 8 feet, coarse gravel, with occasional washings of reddish-brown sand. The 
gravel is composed chiefly of arenaceous rock, carbonaceous matter, quartz, 
ironstone, porphyrite, and Carboniferous Limestone. 
The largest boulder in this section measured 2 feet in girth. Some 
of the gravel is cemented together, the cementing medium being iron 
oxide. Fossils of Carboniferous Limestone and glacially striated 
boulders occur. 
South of Roddam Dean, and between the Roddam Dean con- 
glomerates on the north and porphyrites on the south, is a large tract 
covered with sand and gravel, forming hummocks and ridges, with 
kettle-holes. The highest reach to the 400 feet contour-line. One of 
them, just below Wooperton Dean, evidently another ancient valley, is 
a kame-like ridge, about 800 feet in length, formed of coarse gravel 
and sand, the former varying from small pebbles no bigger than a pea 
to masses 27 inches in girth. 
The ridge rises some 45 feet above its base. The materials are of 
sandstone, porphyrite, granite (Cheviot), tuff, and conglomerate from 
the north of Cheviot, and are rounded or subangular. The mass 
resembles that occurring below South Middleton. A pit a few yards 
away contains sand with very few pebbles. 
Between Wooperton Dean and Brandon Dean is another ridge 
resembling the one just described. The two tiny streams occupy 
a valley once continuous, uniting the Breamish and Roddam Burn 
Valleys. Here, too, the debris passes downwards, and the sands and 
gravels are spread out over the 300 feet contour, where, however, they 
are all undoubtedly water-worn. 
Recent Depostrs.—A large area is covered with the alluvium of the 
Till and its tributary streams. This consists of loam, sand, and 
gravel. Most of the streams are still liable to flood, but evidently at 
some period, probably before the ice had finally disappeared from the 
greatest elevations, the dimensions of the swollen streams must have 
been prodigious, consequently much more of the valleys were sub- 
merged than now. The expansion of the alluvial deposits between 
Hedgeley and Wooperton may be the site of an old lake. The Randy 
Burn has an erratic course through a yellow and sometimes whitish 
clay, resembling that seen below the peat in other. lake-basins, and 
covered with gravel and peaty soil. Another large alluvial plain 
exists south of the Lilburn near Ilderton Station. Old alluvial 
terraces may be seen at Brandon and Branton. 
Occasionally amongst the sands and gravels are depressions, the 
