Prof. T. G. Bonney—Glacial History of Western Europe. 518 
in 1895, previously reviewed in this Magazine. Similar evidence of 
great continental changes of level in Europe have been brought 
forward by Professor Edward Hull of this country, by Dr. Fridjof 
Nansen of Norway, and by others. 
Professor de la Torre’s investigations have also great interest in 
another field, for he has obtained a Jurassic fauna, which had been 
previously discovered, but later pronounced wanting in Cuba, by 
Mr. C. W. Hayes. Professor de la Torre is to be congratulated on his 
successful researches in geological problems of such great importance 
and of international interest which have a bearing on the question of 
cause of the Glacial period. 
NOTICES OF MEMOTRS. 
BE 
I.— British AssocIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE. 
SHEFFIELD, 1910. Appress by the Rev. Professor T. G. Bonney, 
Se.D., LL.D., F.R.S., President. 
(Concluded from the October Number, p. 469.) 
UCH, then, are the facts, which call for an interpretation. More 
than one has been proposed; but it will be well, before discussing ~ 
them, to arrive at some idea of the climate of these Islands during the 
colder part of the Glacial Epoch. Unless that were associated with 
very great changes in the distribution of sea and land in Northern and 
North-Western Europe, we may assume that neither the relative 
position of the isotherms nor the distribution of precipitation would 
be very materially altered. A general fall of temperature in the 
northern hemisphere might so weaken the warmer ocean current from 
the south-west that our coasts might be approached by a cold one 
from the opposite direction.t . . . I am doubtful whether we can 
attribute to changed currents a reduction in British temperatures of so 
much as 11°; but, if we did, this would amount to 28° from all 
causes, and give a temperature of 20° to 22° at sea-level in England 
during the coldest part of the Glacial Epoch. That is now found, 
roughly speaking, in Spitzbergen, which, since its mountains rise to 
much the same height, should give us a general idea of the condition 
of Britain in the olden time. 
What would then be the state of Scandinavia? Its present 
temperature ranges on the west coast from about 45° in the south to 
35° in the north. But this region must now be very much, possibly 
1800 feet, lower than it was in pre-Glacial, perhaps also in part of 
Glacial, times. If we added 5° for this to the original 15°, and 
allowed so much as 18° for the diversion of the warm current, the 
temperature of Scandinavia would range from 7° to —-3°, approximately 
that of Greenland northwards from Upernivik. But since the difference 
at the present day between Cape Farewell and Christiania (the one in 
an abnormally cold region, the other one correspondingly warm) is 
1 Facts relating to this subject will be found in Climate and Time, by J. Croll, 
1875, chs. ii and iii. Of course the air currents would also be affected, and perhaps 
diminish precipitation as the latitude increased. 
DECADE V.—VOL. VII.—NO. XI. 33 
