A, R. Horwood—Post- Pleistocene of Central England. 551 
In addition to these contemporary species were derived fossils from 
the Oxford Clay— 
Cerithiun. Echinus. 
Area. Other marine remains. 
Belemniies. 
A comparison between the proportional number and the species 
represented in these pre-Glacial deposits and those found. in the 
post-Glacial beds shows how very similar in species and general 
character the periods preceding and following the Glacial Period were. 
If we regard these pre-Glacial beds as really mid-Glacial or Inter- 
glacial the comparison is equally interesting. 
Another bed 3 miles to the west:in the River Gwash Valley 
contains land shells and bones, being possibly slightly later. In 
the deposits actually assigned to the Glacial epoch no contemporary 
molluscan remains were noticed by Professor Judd. 
Passing to the post-Glacial deposits, with which we are more 
directly concerned, the only cave deposits are those at Tinkler’s 
Quarry, Stamford. Professor Rolleston identified the following :— 
Hyena (teeth). Cervus megaceros (tooth). — 
Elephas (tooth). Cervide, various. 
This cave was said to have been 15 to 20 feet square, and was 
doubtless a hyzena cave to which prey had been conveyed. The long 
bones were broken and some had been gnawed. 
In the overlying valley gravels, locally in thin sandy loam, molluscan 
remains occur, but are not common, whereas mammalian remains are, 
including living and extinct types intermingled, as Llephas, rhinoceros, 
hippopotamus, hyena, horse, red deer, and urus. No flint implements 
had been found at the time in these gravels. Above these a loam, 
like the loess, containing remains of living terrestrial shells, occurs 
near Peterborough. Mammalian remains occur in gravel at Helpston, 
including the Mammoth. 
_ In the estuarine gravels both freshwater and marine shells occur 
at Peterborough, and at Overton Waterville the following: Ostrea 
edulis, Cardium edule, and the land and freshwater species Planorbis 
carinatus, Limnea glutinosa, Ancylus fluviatilis, Bythinia tentaculata, 
Pisidiumamnicum. The following mammalian remains were associated 
with them: Llephas primigenius, Rhinoceros tichorhinus, Equus caballus, 
Canis lupus, Hyena spelea, Cervus elaphus, Bos primigenius. 
Limnea (Amphipeplea) glutinosa, an extremely local species, is still 
found in South Lincolnshire and in Northampton, Kast Norfolk, 
Bucks, Berks, and East Kent, but is otherwise rare. 
In the marine gravels of the Fenland the fauna includes mollusca 
and mammalia, viz.: Zittorina littorea, Turritella communis, Buccinum 
undatum, Tellina solidula, Ostrea edulis, Mytilus edulis, Cardium edule, 
Cyprina islandica. This last, though now rare, is still found in the 
North Sea. The peat, and marine silt which is interstratified with it, 
contains a diversified flora and fauna. In the peat, made up largely 
of Sphagnum and other bog-mosses, stools of trees are found, e.g. oak, 
birch, etc. These are often found washed out and waterlogged along 
the Lincolnshire coast. Of mammals the following occur: Bos primi- 
genius, var. longifrons, Irish elk, wild boar, red deer, bear, otter, 
