C. E. De Rance—Age of Clvydian Caves. 301 
four miles east-north-east of them, and on the opposite side of the 
Hlwy and Clwyd valley. 
In February, 1832, the Rev. Edward Stanley, afterwards Bishop 
of Norwich,! visited the Cefn Cave, and found the bones of animals, 
stags’ horns, and a human skull pierced with some sharp implement ; 
he was then shown a new cave, about 100 feet above the lower one, 
and about 40 or 50 feet below the summit; it was discovered in cutting 
new walks on the hill-side constructed by the owner, Edward Lloyd, 
Esq.; he found the new cave to have two distinct entrances, the 
western being full of bone-earth made of comminuted fragments of 
bone, with numerous large bones of animals, crushed apparently by 
hyzenas, whose teeth were found to be numerous. The cave could 
then be followed a distance of about 80 feet, with a varying height 
of six to ten feet; the top portion was clear of material, but he 
considered that the mass of drift formerly “ filled up every cranny 
and fissure to the very roof.” From this examination and another 
made on the 4th of April, he found the beds to consist ‘“ of fine loam, 
or clay of an ochrey colour and calcareous nature, readily effervescing 
with acids; generally speaking, the mass is deposited in horizontal 
lamine, portions of which may be readily detached, but broken in 
upon, without order or regularity, by pieces of limestone, which, from 
their position and angular form, have evidently fallen from the roof. 
Bones were numerous, and broken pieces of hazel or birch occurred.” ? 
Mr. J. E. Bowman ®* carried his examination 25 feet beyond that of 
Dr. Stanley ; he found the surface of the drift to be 18 inches beneath 
the roof of ‘the cavern ” (upper cavern of Stanley); he infers from 
the trough-shaped entrance, and from the presence of sand and gravel 
in the cavern, that “‘the cave must have been a watercourse.” He 
found the section to be as follows :— 
1. Innumerable laminz of impalpable mud or silt, alternating 
reddish (effervescing) bands, and pale ochreous layers that do not 
effervesce 1’:6” to 2:0”. 
2. Marl or clay with angular limestone, and water-worn pebbles, 
with bones and teeth a little way from the top, increasing downwards 
into a pure bone-earth, containing Hyznas, Rhinoceros, etc., about 
two feet. 
3. Compact “ diluvium of clay,” with pebbles of clay-slates, and 
a few splintered bones, and stalactites, two feet. 
4. Coarse and fine sand, loam, and clay, no bones, pebbles, or shells, 
three feet. 
Mr. Joshua Trimmer,‘ in 1838, describes in a paper published in 
full in 1841,° the Cefn Cave as occurring at the point in which 
the erratic gravel of the eastern and northern side of the Cambrian 
passes into the district Overspread with detritus from Cumberland ; 
1 Father of Dr. Stanley, Dean of Wermuneter. 
2 Edinburgh New Phil. Journ. yol. xiv. p, 40-53 ; Proc. Geol. Soc. London, vol. i. 
p. 402 (abstract). 
3 J. KE. Bowman, Cefn Bone Caves, Brit. Assoc. 1836. 
4 Trimmer, Cefn Bone Caves, Brit. Assoc. Report for 1838, London, 1839. 
5 Practical Geology and Mineralogy, London, John W. Parker, West Strand, 1841, 
p. 400, etc. 
