Notices of Memoirs—Prof. Boyd Dawkins’s Address. 465 
The White River and Loup Fork Groups present us with the - 
living genera Sciurus, Castor, Hystrix, Rhinoceros, Dicotyles, and 
others; but no living species, as is the case with the Miocenes of 
Kurope. In the Pliocenes of Oregon the first living species appear, 
such asthe Beaver, the Prairie Wolf, and two Rodents (Thomomys 
clusius and T. talpoides), while in the Pleistocene river deposits and 
caves, from Hschscholtz Bay in the north to the Gulf of Mexico in 
the south, there is the same grouping of living with extinct species 
as in Hurope, and the same evidence in the glaciated regions that 
the Mammalia occupied the land after the retreat of the ice. 
If we analyze the rich and abundant fauna yielded by the caves 
and river deposits both of South America and of Australia, it will 
be seen that the Pleistocene group in each is marked by the presence 
of numerous living species in each, the first being remarkable for 
their gigantic extinct Edentata, and the second for their equally 
gigantic extinct Marsupials. 
The admirable work of Mr. Lydekker allows us also to see how 
these definitions apply to the fossil Mammalia of India. The Mio- 
cene fauna of the Lower Sivaliks has yielded the living genera 
Rhinoceros and Manis, and no living species. 
The fauna of the Upper Sivaliks, although it has only been shown, 
and that with some doubt, to contain one living Mammal, the 
Nilghai (Boselaphus tragocamelus), stands in the same relation to 
that of the Oriental region, as that of the Pliocenes of Europe to 
that of the Palearctic region, and is therefore Pliocene. And 
lastly, the Narbada formation presents us with the first traces of 
Paleolithic Man in India in association with the living one-horned 
Rhinoceros, the Nilghai, the Indian Buffalo, two extinct Hippopo- 
tami, Elephants, and others, and is Pleistocene. 
It may be objected to the Prehistoric and Historic divisions of the 
Tertiary Period that neither the one nor the other properly fall 
within the domain of Geology. It will, however, be found that in 
tracing the fauna and flora from the Eocene downwards to the pre- 
sent day there is no break which renders it possible to stop short at 
the close of the Pleistocene. The living plants and animals were in 
existence in the Pleistocene age in every part of the world which 
has been investigated. The European Mollusca were in HKurope in 
the Pliocene age. The only difference between the Pleistocene 
fauna, on the one hand, and the Prehistoric, on the other, consists 
in the extinction of certain of the Mammalia at the close of the 
Pleistocene age in the Old and New Worlds, and in Australia. The 
Prehistoric fauna in Europe is also characterized by the introduction 
of the ancestors of the present domestic animals, some of which, such 
as the Celtic shorthorn (Bos longifrons), Sheep, Goat, and domestic 
Hog, reverted to a feral condition, and have left their remains in 
caves, alluvia, and peat-bogs over the whole of the British Isles and 
the Continent. These remains, along with those of Man in the 
Neolithic, Bronze, and Iron stages of culture, mark off the Prehistoric 
from the Pleistocene strata. There is surely no reason why a cave 
used by Paleolithic Man should be handed over to the geologist, 
DECADE IlI.—VOL. V.—NO. X. 30 
