88 Reports & Proceedings — The Royal Society. 



EEPORTS J^JSTJD DPiROOEIEIDinsrG-S- 



I. — The E,oyal Society. December 12, 1918. 



" The Four Visible Ingredients in Banded Bituminous Coal." 

 By M. C. Stopes, D.Sc. Communicated by Sir George Beilby, F.B.S. 



The coal discussed is the ordinary streaky bituminous coal of the 

 British Coal-measures widely used in home and factory. 



Disregarding for the time being the ultimate morphological nature 

 of the plant organs contributing to them, four differing substances or 

 constituents are described as composing such coal. These can be 

 recognized by differences in their general character. 



1. Differences in their macroscopic appearance and texture (i.e. 

 with the naked eye in hand specimens). 



2. By their different behaviour when treated with various 

 chemicals. 



3. By the differences in the debris of each which result from their 

 treatment with various chemicals. 



4. By the differences in microscopic sections of untreated samples 

 of each. 



These differences are further followed up by analyses and 

 distillations to be considered in a later paper. 



Diagrams are given to show the characteristic distribution of these 

 constituents in section, and to indicate, if not a parallel to, at least 

 a possibly useful comparison with, petrological work on rocks. 



The four ingredients thus determined are fusain (the already 

 widely discussed "mineral charcoal"), and durain, clarain, and 

 vitrain, the three latter names being given now for the first time. 



II. — Geological Society of London. 



1. December 4, 1918.— Mr. G. W. Lamplugh, F.B.S., President, in 



the Chair. 



The following communication was read : — 



"The Carboniferous Succession of the Clitheroe Province." By 

 Lieut.-Colonel Wheelton Hind, M.D., B.S., F.R.C.S., F.G.S., and 

 Albert Wilmore, D.Sc, F.G.S. 



The tectonic structure of the province consists of three dissected 

 parallel anticlinal folds in beds of Carboniferous Limestone, Pendle- 

 side, and Millstone Grit age. The general direction of the axes of 

 these folds is east-north-east and west-north west. Dissection has 

 exposed the lower beds of Z, C, and S age, as the tectonic axes and 

 beds of D, P, and Millstone Grit age occur on the flanks. 



The Limestone sequence shows all the zones from Z to D. 

 Modiola and Cleistopora phases have not been exposed, the base of 

 the Carboniferous not being seen. The Z beds are much thickened, 

 and not so fossiliferous as in the Bristol Province. C and S beds are, 

 as a rule, well-bedded, with shales intercalated between beds of 

 limestone. There are crinoidal beds of considerable thickness in 

 places, and shell-breccias are common in S. ZapJirentis omaliusi 

 indicates an important horizon in Lower C, and these beds are 

 characterized by numerous large Gasteropods. Productus humerosus 



