314 A. P. COLEMAN 
the ancient conglomerate, including pebbles of jasper, another 
feature suggesting the Huronian rocks of Ontario. These con- 
glomerate bowlders have also been mentioned and figured by 
Woodworth. 
In several places shales accompanying the tillite have been 
“thrown into folds a few meters in dimensions, either by ice-thrust 
at the time of glaciation or by later compression. Over the tillite 
in places a brown fine-grained unstratified material, pierced by 
worm or root holes, stands up as low cliffs and suggests an ancient 
loess. At one point on the railway near Capivary (kilometers 
160-61) shales beneath the tillite appear to have been crumpled 
and then truncated, showing an unconformity between the tillite 
and the soft sediments beneath; and some soft sandstone bowl- 
ders in the tillite are quite like an irregularly bedded sand- 
stone frequently found in the same position, suggesting the same 
relationship. | 
The fresh tillite is often solid enough to make vertical faces in 
cuttings and shows spheroidal shapes when weathering has begun. 
Ultimately the rain breaks it down into slippery clay, gray or 
yellowish or red in color, strongly suggesting a rain-crumbled 
Pleistocene till. Near the small station Elias Fausto, Dr. Pacheca 
has found tillite inclosing very large granite bowlders, one partly 
disclosed measuring 3X3 X2 meters, and looking like one of the 
Iowan bowlders of the Western states. 
My last excursion under Dr. Pacheca’s guidance was to Limeira, 
50 kilometers northwest of Campinas, where a round of 21 kilo- 
meters was made over country roads giving an opportunity to see 
typical bowlder clay extending over many square kilometers of 
gently rolling country. The tillite is usually chocolate colored 
and in places reaches a thickness of 25 meters, while in other 
places it has been cut through by the stream valleys. In the 
steep walls of a sunken road leading out of the town plenty of 
well-striated stones were found, and except for the prevailing 
red color and a little greater hardness the outcrops reproduce 
perfectly the features of a region of bowlder clay in North 
America. It was hard to believe that the rock was as old as the 
Permian. 
