PERMO-CARBONIFEROUS GLACIAL DEPOSITS Bin5 
Limeira is about in latitude 223°, a degree within the tropics, so 
that in Brazil, as in India and Australia, the ancient ice-sheet 
reached much nearer to the equator than any Pleistocene ice-sheet. 
It is estimated by Drs. Florence and Pacheca, of the Geological 
Survey of the State of Sao Paulo, that the outcrops of tillite extend 
from northeast to southwest for 500 kilometers, with a width of 
from 50 to roo kilometers; and it must be added that the tillite 
follows the gentle northwestward dip of the rocks of the region and 
probably extends far beneath the Triassic beds in that direction. 
It is evident that one is dealing with deposits formed by a great 
ice-sheet spread out over a peneplained surface and not with the 
results of mountain glaciers. 
TILLITE IN STATES SOUTHWEST OF SAO PAULO 
After the admirable introduction to the study of Brazilian glacial 
deposits provided by the kindness of Dr. Pacheca there was little 
difficulty in recognizing the characteristic appearance of the tillite, 
and on the journey by rail from Sao Paulo to Montevideo in 
Uruguay some of the localities described by Woodworth were 
visited, the first just beyond the southwestern boundary of the 
state of Sao Paulo between Itararé and Sengens. In railway cuts 
near Sengens, Woodworth had found striated stones and large 
bowlders of sandstone; and a walk along the railway between the 
two stations proved extremely interesting. Following the crooked 
narrow-gauge railway from Sengens northeast toward Itararé 
tillite is seen for eleven kilometers (from km. 241 to km. 230) 
resting usually on sandstone, occasionally with a hummocky surface 
and in one case with a suggestion of furrowing in a direction from 
southeast to northwest or vice versa. The sandstone is still soft, 
and when the tillite was deposited may have been softer, so that 
large blocks could easily be lifted and inclosed in the glacial mate- 
rials. In addition to these masses of local rock there are quite 
large bowlders of shale and of granite, and a multitude of smaller 
stones, many of a harder sandstone than the underlying rock, and a 
few of quartzite. The tillite varies in thickness, sometimes reaching 
ten meters. Parts of it near kilometer 241 have been more or less 
t See Woodworth’s Report, p. 62 and Pls. xxi and xxii. 
