316 A. P. COLEMAN 
pushed and crumpled, and not far to the northeast is the great 
fault and escarpment mentioned by Woodworth. 
The best display of tillite is about at kilometer 235, where the 
smaller stones are very frequently striated, more so than in any 
other till I have seen, whether Pleistocene or older. Many of the 
glaciated stones show not only “soles” but well-defined facets, as 
if they had been firmly held till a face was ground flat and then 
adjusted at another angle, resulting in another flat face. These 
facets sometimes come together sharply. In early days similar 
faceted stones from the Permo-Carboniferous tillite of India 
attracted attention. It would seem as if the Permo-Carboniferous 
ice-sheets held their imbedded stones more firmly than those of the 
Pleistocene. Why? Were their bases colder or was there a greater 
thickness of ice, giving a stronger pressure ? 
As may be seen from the train, tillite extends several kilometers 
on the route southwest; but the next stop was made at Ponta 
Grossa, midway across the state of Parana, where I. C. White had 
described outcrops of glacial conglomerate.t On the side of the 
ridge on which the town is built, cuttings, made for streets and for 
drainage, disclose reddish, sandy glacial deposits containing sub- 
angular stones of various kinds, a few of which were found to be 
striated. A fairly good section is seen also on a road leading into 
the country. Above the tillite there is a sheet of trap weathering 
into a very red soil, and beneath it sandstone followed by black 
shale from which Devonian fossils are reported. 
A visit was made also to Serinha, 70 or 80 kilometers to the 
southeast, where Woodworth suspected an older tillite. Typical 
bowlder clay is passed between Palmeira and Nova Restingua and 
may be seen at Porto Amazonas. There is a rapid descent from 
Palmeira to Serinha, which is in a deep river-valley at the base of 
sandstone cliffs. The tillite here takes the form of blue or yellow 
shale, readily weathering to clay, containing subangular stones, 
chiefly sandstone, quartzite, and granite. No striated stones were 
found, but the bed looks like a glacial deposit. It is overlain by 
200 feet of firm sandstone resembling the rock found beneath the 
tillite at higher levels. Beyond this fact no clue to its age was 
17. C. White, Relatorio Final on the Brazilian Coal Fields, 1908, p. 51. 
