288 EDWARD M. KINDLE 



The next anticlinal axis north of the Towanda anticline approaches 

 to within about six miles of the southern edge of the Watkins Glen 

 quadrangle. This anticline, which is known as the Wellsburg anti- 

 cline, does not differ greatly, as developed in Bradford county, from 

 the Alpine anticHne of the Watkins Glen quadrangle in the magni- 

 tude of the dips, which seldom exceed 5° in Bradford county. The 

 latter has, however, less than half the width of the Wellsburg anti- 

 cline, which accounts for the failure of the Alpine anticline to develop 

 synchnal mountain ridges, such as those associated with the Wells- 

 burg fold. In the Elmira fold, which is the next fold north of the 

 Wellsburg syncline, the maximum dips have dropped to 2° for the 

 north limb and about 3 or 4° for the south limb. The Watkins, 

 fold, which is about fifteen miles north of the Elmira fold, may be 

 cited as showing the smallest dips of any fold in the quadrangle, the 

 maximum amounting to 1° or less. 



It follows as a result of the anticlinal structure wdiich has been 

 described that the total southerly declination of the beds of the quad- 

 rangle, amounting to several hundred feet, is not the result of a 

 regular or approximately uniform rate of dip to the south per mile, 

 as has been generally assumed.' On the contrary, the rocks rise 

 toward the south on the north side of each of the axes described. 

 The dip of the south limb of the fold is, however, as stated above, 

 usually greater than the north dip. In the case of the Alpine anti- 

 cline the south dip is very much greater than the north dip, the 

 result being that the total of the south dips in the quadrangle consid- 

 erably exceeds the north dips, and that any given horizon at the south 

 side of the quadrangle is several hundred feet lower than at the north 

 side. 



Between the south end of Lake Cayuga and Newfield the north 

 and south dips about balance each other, the beds of a given horizon 

 being at nearly the same level at these two points. The same is 



I Since completing the field work on which this paper is based, the writer's atten- 

 tion has been called to a paper by Professor H. S. Williams {Proceedings of the Ameri- 

 can Association for the Advancement of Science, Vol. XXXI (1882), p. 412), which 

 gives a brief description of folds corresponding to the eastern portion of some of those 

 herein described. Hall observed the north dips between Elmira and Horseheads in 

 1839, and states that the rocks rise " southward from Horseheads to the Chemung 

 River." {Third Annual Report, Fourth Federal District, p. 323.) 



