454 CHARLES EMERSON PEET 



vary from a maximum of 216 feet at West Point to 120 feet and less. 

 (See Fig. 8 for the submerged channels near New York city.) 



WAVE-WROUGHT FEATURES IN THE HUDSON VALLEY. 



There is an entire absence of wave- wrought features in the Hudson 

 Valley, so far as known, with the possible exception of some gravel 

 ridges on the low-level delta at Fort Edward east of Glens Falls, 

 and some indistinct terraces on the west side of the valley south of 

 Ballston. 



BURIED SOILS. 



An old soil with an elevation close to sea level has been observed 

 on the clay surface south of Hackensack, It is overlain by ten feet 

 of sand, the lower part of which contains clay a few inches in thick- 

 ness, associated with fragments of leaves and woody stems. The soil 

 is leached to a depth of one foot.' 



On the east side of Newark Bay, south of the Lehigh Valley Rail- 

 road, a bed of peat or peaty soil is buried by 10-30 feet of sand, 

 much and perhaps all of which is a wind deposit.^ 



FOSSILS IN THE HUDSON VALLEY, AND IN THE LOWLAND WEST 

 OF THE PALISADE RIDGE. 



The only fossils that have been found in deposits of the Hudson 

 water body in the Hudson Valley a're: (i) Sponge spicules, fresh- 

 water diatoms, and worm-tracks at Croton;^ and (2) leaves of 

 Vaccinia oxycoccus at Albany.^ In the lowland west of the Pahsade 

 Ridge, near Hackensack, leaves and woody stems have been found in 

 a bed of stratified sand and clay which underlies 8 feet of sand, con- 

 taining a few gneiss bowlders, and overlies an old soil having an ele- 

 vation close to sea level.^ 



^ " Drift Phenomena of the Palisade Ridge," Annual Report of the State Geologist 

 oj New Jersey (1893), p. 207. 



2 Loc. cit., p. 205, and George H. Cook, Geology 0} New Jersey (1868), p. 227. 



3H. RiES, Bulletin of N. Y. State Museum, Yo\. Ill, No. 12 (1895), pp. 119, 120. 



4 Described by Dr. James Eights in 1852 as prohahly Mitchella repens. Pro- 

 fessor B. K. Emerson thinks they are probably Vaccinia oxycoccus, which are the 

 most abundant leaves in the clays of the Connecticut. See Monograph of U. S. Geo- 

 logical Survey, Vol. XXIX, p. 718. 



5 " See Drift Phenomena of the Palisade Ridge," Annual Report of State Geolo- 

 gist of New Jersey (1893), p. 207. 



