Reviews — Dr. F. Klinghardt — Upper Chalk Urchins. 39 



another as is commonly believed, and that, in fact, they had a different 

 ancestry, the Mammoth being descended from a broad-plated type of 

 JE. meridionalis through E. ivuesti and trogontheru., while the Indian 

 species are descended from a thin-plated form of £. meridionalis 

 through E. antiqiius and E. namadicus. It seems, however, more 

 probable that both the Mammoth and the Indian elephant are 

 descended from some such species as E. armeniaciis, which is very 

 near to E. louesti. The African elephant is regarded as having sprung 

 from E. namadicus through E. prisons. 



Although it is not always possible to agree with the author's 

 conclusions, her detailed and careful descriptions of these Russian 

 elephants make a very important contribution to our knowledge of 

 the group. 



C. W. Andkews. 



III. IJbEE me INNEKE OrGANISATIOjST UND SiAMMKSGESCHICHTE EINIGEK 



lEREGULAiiER Seeigel DEE. OBEKN Keeide. (On the Internal Structure 

 and Phylogeny of some Irregular Sea-urchins of the Upper Chalk.) 

 Yon Dr. Feanz Klinghaedt. Jena, 1911.^ 



BY a study of the flint-casts and of the cleaned interiors of the 

 tests of certain Cretaceous sea-urchins, Dr. Eranz Klinghardt 

 establishes points of extreme interest with regard to the comparative 

 morphology of various fossil and recent echinoids. The material 

 examined was collected from the Senonian of the South of England, 

 the Maestrichtian of Maestricht, and the Danian of Malmo, Sweden ; 

 and recent Specimens were studied at the biological stations at 

 Plymouth and Lowestoft. Erequent reference is made to the recent 

 Spatangus purpureus, since it admits of close comparison with the 

 comva^on Micraster of the English Senonian. 



Particular attention is paid to the impressions on casts of the 

 intestinal tract, and of the supports of the mouth, the gonads, and the 

 water-vascular system. Dr. Klinghardt points out that in many 

 casts the exact course of the aliraentarj^ canal and its mesenteries can 

 be traced, and he is thus able to institute a comparison amongst the 

 following forms : Ananchytes ovatus, Hemipneustes radiatus, Micraster 

 cor-anguinum, and Echinoconus alhogalerus. The mouth-supporting 

 apparatus has been considered in detail, and the significance of its 

 fuller development in Spatangus purpureus than in Micraster 

 cor-anguinum has been pointed out. In the discussion of the 

 impressions left by the gonads, the statement of Holfman that they 

 projected into the body-cavity is shown to be incorrect. In some of 

 Dr. Klinghardt's fossil casts the position and form of the ampullse, 

 Avhich in recent urchins may be found occupied partly by water and 

 partly by sand and mud, were found to be still clearly indicated, their 

 various degrees of contraction being recognizable. The author's 

 minute examination of the traces of the water - vascular system 

 establishes most interesting resemblances and diff'erences between 

 fossil and recent echini. In one specimen, for instance, the ampullae 



■^ Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwurde der math.-nat. 

 Fakultat der Grossherzogl. Bad. Albert-Ludwigs-Universitat zu Freiburg im 

 Breisgau vorgelegt von Franz Klinghardt. Jena, 1911. (Privately printed.) 



