112 Dr. G. W. Andreas — Elephant Molar from Khartum. 



also there are three distinct surfaces, but they are more nearly equal 

 in size. ' The dimensions of this specimen are — 



Greatest width of posterior plate .... lO'Ocm. 



Greatest height of posterior j)late (just in wear) . 20'0 ,, 

 Outside antero-posterior diameter of middle surface 



of wear of anterior plate . . . . . 1'5 ,, 



Thickness of enamel (average) .... 3-4 mm. 



In the thickness of the plates and in the form of the wear-surfaces 

 of the ridges, this tooth, so far as preserved, nearly resembles those of 

 E. meridionalis, but, on the other hand, it differs widely from that 

 species in the much greater height of the plates, which, in this 

 respect, approach, those of some specimens of E. antiquus, particularly 

 some figured by Poblig ^ under that name. As a rule, however, in 

 that species, not only are the teeth not nearly so wide as in the 

 present specimen, but the discs of wear usually show a marked mesial 

 expansion, and there is a distinct loop in the enamel on the posterior 

 side of the ridges at least. 



Several other species of fossil elephants have been recorded from 

 various parts of Africa. Of these E. jolensis and E. atlanticus, from 

 Quaternary beds of Algeria, have been figured and described by 

 Pomel.* Of these E. jolensis presents some likeness to our fossil, 

 but its teeth are narrower, and it seems to approximate rather to 

 E. antiquus. E. atlanticus approaches E. africanns, and the width 

 of the plates and of the cement between them is greater than in the 

 present form, in which, moreover, the tooth crown seems to have 

 been higher. 



Professor W. B. Scott ^ has described an elephant {E. zulu) from 

 beds presumed to be of Pliocene age on the coast of Zululand. In this 

 species the molars seem to have had lower and at the same time 

 narrower crowns, though this latter chai'acter may, in part, be because 

 the specimens described are from the lower jaw. The enamel is 

 thicker and more crimped, and there is a well-marked enamel loop 

 at least on the hinder side of the discs, which have a slight median 

 expansion. E. zulu, in fact, seems to approach E. antiquus and 

 E. africanus in the several points in which it differs from our 

 specimen. 



The tooth of the so-called E. prisms, figured by Falconer, differs 

 in having a lower crown, discs more expanded in the middle, usually 

 with distinct loops of enamel, and turning forward at their outer end. 



Recently, Professor E. Haug* has given an account of a mammalian 

 fauna from the Hiver Omo, north of Lake Rudolf. Among the 

 specimens are portions of the tusks and molars of an elephant, a milk 

 molar of which is said to closely resemble one of E, meridionalis. 



•■ "Dentition und Kraniologie des Eleplias antiquus, Falc." : Nova Acta 

 Leop. Carol. Deutsch. Akad. Naturforsch. , Bd. liii, No. 5, pi. v, fig. 2, 1888. 



- Carte Giologique de VAlgerie (Paleontologie — Monogi'aphies) : Les Elephants 

 quaternaires. Alger, 1895. 



^ Third Bep. Geol. Surv. Natal and Zululand, 1907, p. 259, pi. xvii, fig. 6 ; 

 pi. xviii. 



■* Haug, Traits de Giologie, vol. ii : Les periodes Geologiques, fase. iii, 

 p. 1727, pi. cxxx, 1911. 



