Reviews—-Daglish and Forster on the Permian Rocks.- 29 
by a lake, before the formation of the peat, which, 30 or 40 feet thick 
and 50 square miles in extent, must have taken several thousand 
years for its accumulation. This consideration, and the possibility 
of the bones having been naturally abraded, together with the fact 
‘that the Cervus megaceros wasthe contemporary of the Mammoth or 
Woolly Elephant, the Woolly Rhinoceros, the Cave-Hyzna, the Cavee 
Bear, and the Cave-Lion, and a species of Hippopotamus, all now ex- 
tinct,’ as wellas of the Reindeer, the Brown Bear, the Polar Bear,* and 
other creatures now extinet in Ireland, make it difficult to Mr. Jukes to 
accept these apparently incised bones as evidence of their contem- 
poraneity with Man in Ireland, although proofs of such high antiquity 
for the human race have been brought to light in England and the 
Continent. At all events the memoir shows ood reasons for extreme 
caution being taken whenever scratched, drilled, notched, and other- 
wise abraded and indented fossil bones are brought forward as evi- 
dence of man’s handiwork, even without taking into consideration 
the many other natural methods, such as wear and tear by gravel 
with or without ice-action, partial decomposition, gnawing by rodents, 
&e., by which such markings may be made. 
On THE Macnestan Limestone or Duruam. By Messrs. Joun 
Dacuisn, F.G.S., and G. B. Forster, M.A. (Report of the 
British Association for 1863, pp. 726-730.) 
pats paper was read at the Newcastle Meeting of the British 
Association, and was there so well received as ‘to be among the 
few that were ordered to be printed in full in the volume of Tr ans- 
actions lately issued. The authors are well known mining-engineers 
of the northern coal-field, whose professional duties have given them 
repeated opportunities of investigating the structure of the Permian 
series of Durham ; and these investigations have suggested to them 
conclusions at variance with the opinions of those geologists who 
have already examined and described these rocks. 
The remarkable water-bearing properties t of these Permian rocks 
are first discussed ; and their structure next engages the attention of 
_the authors. 
The ‘Lower Red Sandstone.—They point out that, while the 
series is considered by most geulog isn to include both the Magnesian 
Limestone and the so-called ‘ Lower Red Sandstone’ beneath, and 
to be unconformable to the underlying Coal-measures ; it is held by 
others to comprise only the Magnesian Limestone,—the sandstone 
being in that case classed with the Coal-measures. This, in fact, 
is a sort of border-land question,—a dispute about boundaries where 
land-marks are scarce, or perhaps never existed, and thus one not 
easy to settle. 
The ‘Lower Red Sandstone’t is composed of two portions :— 
* Bones of Ursus maritimus, Mr. Jukes states, have been found in Lough Gur. 
{+ We shall return to this subject hereafter. 
{ This local term of ‘Lower Red Sandstone,’ or ‘Lower New Red Sandstone,’ 
formerly given in contradistinction to the ‘Upper New Red Sandstone, has sur- 
