Reports and Proceedings. gal 
tending (but capped in many places by a) over most of Herts. The 
Upper Drift (a) consists of the wide-spread Boulder-clay, which 
overlaps 4, for a small space, on the south-east in Essex, and again at 
Horseheath, near Saffron-Walden, but overlaps it altogether on the 
north-west, resting on the Secondary rocks in Huntingdonshire and 
Lincolnshire. The distribution of 6 indicates it as the deposit of an 
irregular bay, afterwards submerged by the sea of a, which over- 
spread a very wide area. a now remains only in detached tracts, 
having been extensively denuded on its emergence at the beginning 
of the Post-glacial Age, so that wide intervals of denudation (sepa- 
rating the tracts) indicate the Post-glacial straits and seas which 
washed islands formed of a. The author considers the so-called 
Norwich Crag of the Cromer coast as vot of the age of the Fluvio- 
marine Crag of Norwich, but as an arctic bed forming the base of e, 
into which it passes up uninterruptedly. The author regards the 
beds 6 as identical with the fluvio-marine gravels of Kelsea, near 
Hull; and the Kelsea bed not to be above a, as hitherto supposed, 
but below it, having been forced up through a into its present posi- 
tion. He also regards the Upper Drift (a) as the equivalent of the 
Belgian Loess, and the beds 6 as the equivalent of the Belgian Sadles 
de Campine. 
II. Jan. 11, 1865. The following communications were read :— 
1. ‘On the Lias Outliers at Knowle and Wootton Wawen in 
South Warwickshire.’ By the Rev. P. B. Brodie, M.A., F.G.5.— 
[See Grotoeicat Magazine, Vol. I. p. 239. | 
2. ‘On the History of the last Geological Changes in Scotland.’ 
By T. F. Jamieson, Esq., F.G.S. 
The history of the last geological changes in Scotland, as given in 
this paper, was divided into three periods, namely, the Preglacial, 
the Glacial, and the Post-glacial. 
The absence of the later Tertiary strata from Scotland leaves the 
history of the Preglacial period very obscure ; but the author con- 
sidered it in some degree represented by some thick masses of sand 
and gravel (apparently equivalent to the Red Crag of England) on 
the coast of Aberdeenshire ; and he stated that there were indications 
of the Mammoth having inhabited Scotland during this period. 
The Glacial period was divided into three successive portions, 
namely, (1) the Period of Land-ice, during which the rocky surface 
was worn, scratched, and striated, and the boulder-earth, or glacier- 
mud, was formed; (2) the Period of Depression, in which the 
glacial marine beds were formed; and (3) the Period of the Emer- 
gence of the land to which belong the valley-gravels and moraines, 
and during which the final retreat of the glaciers took place. 
To the Post-glacial period Mr. Jamieson referred that of the 
formation of the submarine forest-heds, which he considered was 
succeeded by a Second Period of Depression, and this again by the 
elevation of the land to its present position. It is in the old estuary 
beds and beaches formed during the Second Period of Depression 
that the author finds the first traces of Man in Scotland, while the 
Shell-mounds with chipped flints he referred to the same epoch as 
