Reviews—Liverpool Geological Society. 123 
disease. With all the precautions of modern skill and ingenuity, we 
cannot but be struck with the innumerable risks which surround a 
Miner’s life. 
ABSTRACT OF THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE LIVERPOOL GEOLOGICAL 
Society. SESSION THE Firtu, 1863-64. 
R. G. H. MORTON, F.G.S., points out the spots where the 
Lias may be seen in Shropshire, and what has been noticed in 
pits and borings made through it in useless search for coal, as 
noticed by Murchison. The Middle Lias is present, and the Lower 
Lias ; but whether this latter includes the Rhetic beds is not clearly 
understood. Mr. W. S. Hoxton, F.G.S., has a note on the Cleve- 
land Iron-ore, or the greenish-grey Oolitic Ironstone (carbonate of 
protoxide of iron), yielding sometimes 83 per cent. of iron, and first 
worked in 1848. The present yield of iron for Great Britain being 
between three and four millions of tons of pig-iron, this iron-ore 
produces nearly a fifth (700,000 tons) of the entire amount; it 
belongs to the Middle Lias, and is also found in Oxfordshire 
and Somersetshire. Mr. H. Hrcxs shows by section, plan, and 
description where fossils (Paradoxides and other Trilobites, with 
Theca, &c.) are to be found in the Lower Lingula-flags of St. David’s, 
Pembrokeshire. These fossils of the so-called ‘ Primordial Zone,’ 
and the first of their kind found in Britain, have been since described 
and figured by Mr. J. W. Salter, in the Geological Society’s Journal 
for August 1864. The order of the beds seen at and near Porth- 
y-rhaw, St. David’s, seems to be (going downwards)— 
1. Zremadoe Slates.—2. Upper and Middle Lingula-flags. Thin 
alternating beds of sandstone and shales; with interstratified trap- 
rock.—3 & 4. Lower Lingula-flags: (8) Black shales, in the upper 
part of which, and alternating with them, some thick sandstone 
beds are sometimes seen: fossiliferous; 214 feet. These black 
shales pass downwards into (4) fine-grained grey flagstones, lighter- 
coloured, and slightly banded or iron-stained below : passage-beds ; 
112 feet.— 5-8. Cambrian: (5) Greenish-grey sandstone. (6) 
Purple sandstone, with green bands. (7) Purple sandstone, in 
thick beds. (8) Coarse conglomerates, in thick beds. 
In an interesting paper On the Bala Limestone and its associated 
Beds in North Wales, Mr. D. C. Davies succinctly describes the 
range and characters of the Bala-Caradoc beds, notices their fossils 
generally, of which about 28 species of Corals, 10 of Echinoderms, 
30 of Crustaceans, and 92 of Molluscs have been described, and 
concludes with the following observations :— 
‘The portion of the Bala group we have been considering, amount- 
ing, as it does, to a thickness of from two to three thousand feet, 
must represent a vast cycle of time; while the very different litho- 
logical texture of some of its members, varying, as it does, from 
fine-grained lime- and sand-stone, through shaly and rather bitumi- 
nous layers, to the coarse breccia of the ash-beds, suggests to us an 
infinite variety of subaqueous conditions. Here, if anywhere, we 
