Carpenter—Crag Formations and N. Pacific Faunas. 153 
along the whole coast from Vancouver to the Acapulcan district : 
and Erato Maugerie, whose head-quarters are now in the West 
Indies, appeared in the Coralline, did not disappear in the Red Crag, 
is now living in the Bay of Panama, and is nearly, if not quite, 
identical with E. columbella of the Gulf and the Temperate shores of 
California. Along the Atlantic shores of the peninsula of Central 
America are found fossil Malea ringens, now living in the Pacific, 
and other species probably of Pacific origin. The recent shells on 
the Pacific side have a large intermixture of living West-Indian 
Species, many of which have migrated northwards ; Livona pica 
apparently dying out in the Californian seas. There is very little ap- 
pearance of Pacific creations in the Caribbean seas. Co-ordinately with 
the Glacial Period of Northern Europe, the ancient West-Indian 
species were probably poured into the Pacific through the archi- 
pelago which has now become a broad peninsula. Between the 
Tropical and the Sub-boreal seas of the North Pacific, we find many 
species generally regarded as characteristic of the Atlantic seas ; of 
which only two, Venericardia borealis and Chrysodomus liratus, are 
special to the West Atlantic ; and several, namely, Kellia subor- 
bicularis, Lasea rubra, Crenella decussata, Lucina borealis, Crypto- 
don flexuosus, Limea subauriculata, Haminea hydatis, Cerithiopsis 
tubercularis, and Triforis adversus, are generally considered special 
to the European side. It would appear, therefore, that in the early 
days of existing species, there was much closer connection between 
the North Pacific and European, than between the East and West 
American seas. Co-ordinately with this fact, must be noticed that 
in the Japan seas are found several Mediterranean species not 
known on the Southern shores of Asia ; and of these one is common 
in the Vancouver district. It will be remembered that the Drift, 
so plentiful over the bulk of Northern America, is not found on the 
Pacific slope; and that the bulk of the copious Tertiaries of Cali- 
fornia are of Miocene age. At this period, the Sierra Nevada is 
supposed by Conrad to have been an archipelago; yet there is 
scarcely any connection between the Temperate parallels of Hast 
and West America, while the connections with European seas are 
clearly marked. 
The Mediterranean as well as the Boreal species in the Crag are 
well known ; but there are certain generic and specific forms which 
were formerly considered peculiar, yet are now found to have, if not 
their descendants, at least their representatives, in the Vancouver 
and Californian district. ‘This is true of the arrow-sculptured Acila, 
Miodon (also found in the Great Oolite), Verticordia, and Solariella, 
which are eminently Crag and Californian groups.* The huge Hin- 
nites Corteysu finds its counterpart in the Californian H. giganteus ; 
Glycimeris Faujasii, in Gl. generosa ; and the little Sphenia of the 
Crag is more like Sph. ovalis of Vancouver than Sph. Binghami of 
British seas. Not taking into account similar forms, no fewer than 
24 Crag species have been already clearly identified on the West 
* Acila, Verticordia, and Solariella are also found in Japan. 
