Reviews—Indian Iron-ore. Lis 
during the retreat of the ocean, isolated blocks and small islands of 
rock would be left standing out at intervals above the surface, which 
the rains, the atmosphere, and the disintegration of the rock would 
work into forms of the grotesque and fanciful aspect we now find 
them. 
The great beds of magnetic iron-ore (or magnetite) form an in- 
teresting feature in the mineral structure of this region. They are 
found in the metamorphic series, apparently stratified with the other 
beds, and with them thrown into folds, or dipping at high angles, 
and occurring at intervals, not only in the district here described, 
but far to the northwards, in the same group of azoic rocks. The 
principal beds belong to four groups :— 
ist. The Godamullay group, east and north-east of Salem. 
2nd. The Tullamullay-Kolymullay group. 
3rd. The Singiputty group. 
4th. The Tirtamullay group. 
We must refer the reader to the memoir itself for an account of 
these wonderful masses of iron-ore, which in quantity are beyond all 
calculation, forming mountain-ridges, and rising into vertical pre- 
cipices of hundreds of feet in height. The iron to be obtained from 
these deposits is, no doubt, of the very best description, as it is 
identical with that of Arendal in Norway, and the mines of Sweden. 
The ores, however, of Madras labour under the serious disadvantage 
of being situated far from fuel, the charcoal used by the natives and 
one company of manufacturers being scarce, owing to the wasteful 
manner in which the jungles are destroyed by the natives. At the 
Porto Novo Company’s works, at Beypoor, 131 tons of charcoal are 
stated to be consumed for every ton of pig-iron, which to us seems an 
enormous proportion, and must render the production of iron very 
costly. 
The manner in which the beds of magnetic iron occur at Kunja- 
mullay, near Salem, close to the Madras and Beypoor Railway, will 
serve to illustrate the general features of these deposits. Kunja- 
a i b 2 c 2 6 1a 
Section of Kunjamullay. 
a. Gneiss with garnets, &c. 1. Iron-bed 
6. Gneiss, talcose-schist and quartzo-felspathic beds, &c. 2. Iron-bed 
¢. Quartzo-hornblendic beds. 3. Iron-bed. 
d. Quartzo-hornblendic beds full of large garnets, and of great thickness, forming 
the summit of the ridge. 
mullay is a fine isolated mountain, rising 1,000 feet above the sur- 
rounding plain, and 2,000 feet above the level of the sea. The 
structure of this mountain is that of a trough, in plan an ellipse, 
lying with its major axis nearly east and west. Around this ridge 
