222 Reports and Proceedings. 
great similarity in fracture between the natural and artificial 
silica: and these circumstances taken together tended very much to 
strengthen the arguments he had adduced in favour of quartz and 
its analogues being produced in the way described, viz., by decom- 
position of silicate of soda with an acid, the latter being in all pro- 
bability either hydrochloric or carbonic acid. The facts he had 
adduced certainly seem to point to a solution of some of the difficult 
problems of the earth’s crust, and must at least be worth remem- 
bering by geologists when speculating on the various phenomena 
which attracted their attention.’ 
Mr. GrorGeE SoMERVILLE, Lennoxtown, read a paper On the Geo- 
logical Features of the Country around Jerusalem, from observations 
made by him on a visit to Palestine and Syria in 1860. 
Bristot Natura.ists’ SocieTy.—I. Geological Section, January 
16; Mr. A. Leipner in the chair. Mr. W. Sanders was re-elected 
President, and Mr. F. Ashmead Secretary of the Section, for the 
ensuing year. The accounts for the preceding year were read and 
passed.—Mr. W. W. Sroppart continued his paper On the Cambro- 
Silurian Strata and Fossils, taking as his subject the Llandeilo For- 
mation, which, he said, could not be distinguished lithologically from 
the Lingula-beds spoken of at the previous meeting, but which con- 
tained an entirely distinct set of fossils, more numerous in species 
and genera, and of much higher organization. This series is about 
5,000 feet in thickness, consisting chiefly of dark slates and sandy 
flags, and is best observed at the Stiper Stones of Shropshire, Builth, 
Llangollen, and Llandeilo: the author also examined it at Llandewi- 
Felfrey, eighteen miles north of Tenby, where many characteristic 
fossils were foundin great abundance, amongst which were Trinucleus, 
Didymograpsus, Asaphus tyrannus, and a Discina, probably D. Port- 
locki, not before found in this formation. Going on towards Lam- 
peter, near Tenby, the beds are found to be first arenaceous, then 
caleareous ; and are extensively quarried, being the only Lower 
Silurian beds in Wales used for lime-burning. In Scotland the 
series occurs from Dumfries to the Lammermuir Hills; and in 
Sutherlandshire it contains several species of shells unknown in the 
Welsh series, but common in the North American. The altered 
quartzose and gneissose rocks of Sutherlandshire are known to con- 
tain the same Annelid-tube (Scolithus linearis) as the Shropshire 
series. In Ireland the Llandeilo beds had not yet been properly 
made out, but foreign equivalents were described in Bohemia and 
Scandinavia. Mr. Stoddart gave a long list of the characteristic 
fossils of this series, remarking that Encrinites first make their 
appearance in it, and exhibited specimens of many of them. 
II. Geological Section, Feb. 23; Mr. W. Sanders, President, in 
the chair.—Mr. W. L. CarPENTER read a paper on the Kozoon Cana- 
dense, the earliest known Fossil, recently discovered in Canada,—the 
generic name signifying ‘dawn-animal.’ After a few preliminary 
remarks upon the circumstances under which the paper was pre- 
pared, the author stated that this fossil had been found in a group of 
