Machintosh—On the Lake-district. 299 
(except only manifestly spurious ones), in comparison with similar 
specimens, as recorded from the Welsh and Lancashire localities. 
Every single specimen, or fragment of a specimen, in the Maccles- 
field series now exhibited, has been minutely compared, not only 
with specimens of known Drift-fossils, but with recent shells, and 
also with the results of an elaborate examination, which I have 
carried on, of the character and forms in which fragments of shells 
present themselves on the beaches and in the bed of the present 
British seas. 
A few specimens whose authenticity is suspicious are marked in 
the ‘Remarks’ column with p. It is not impossible that they may 
yet prove to be genuine. 
Almost all these remains are broken into small fragments, and are 
much rolled and worn. A certain number may be put on one side, 
as presenting an appearance of greater comparative freshness, having 
lost less animal matter. These uniformly show signs of great 
attrition. They are noted on the 4th column; the rest, noted in the 
drd column, look more completely mineralized, are often even friable, 
and all, except certain minute convolute shells, particularly broken 
up into small fragments. The latter series especially are almost 
always slightly adherent to the tongue. 
While Mr. J. Gwyn Jeffreys’ valuable Manual is still incomplete, I 
have thought it most convenient to use the nomenclature and ar- 
rangement of Messrs. Forbes and Hanley’s ‘ British Mollusca.’ 
Scale of frequency :—v. r. very rare (1 to 3); r rare (3 to 6); f. 
frequent (about 12) ; c. common (twice or thrice as numerous); @ 
abundant. 
Til. A Tovurtst’s Notes on THE SURFACE-GEOLOGY OF THE 
LAKE-DISTRICT. 
By D. Macxiytosx, F.G.S. 
yh Magee Ecolomicts admit that the Lake-district of the North-west of 
England has been several times under the sea since the first 
upheaval of the alternating sedimentary and volcanic rocks of which 
it is composed ; and few would be disposed to question that during 
the repeated processes of elevation and subsidence, whether con- 
tinuous or intermittent, the sides of the mountains and valleys of 
this district have been long exposed, at different levels, to the action 
of waves, tides, and currents. We have reason to suppose that the 
duration of the last or intra-glacial submergence was at least as long 
as the time which has since elapsed; and if during the latter the sea 
has done so much to indent and modify our coasts, may we not expect 
to find the most obvious traces of its former denuding influence in 
regions which have risen above its level? Yet some of the pluvial, 
fluvial, and glacial geologists of the present day would soon reduce | 
the sea to a subordinate rank in the list of causes, were it not 
for the masterly advocacy of marine denudation which, with fresh 
arguments, may be found in the successive editions of the works of 
Sir Charles Lyell and Sir R. I. Murchison. 
