Reviews— Vogt on the Antiquity of Man. 359 
which lie below it, and which are subsequent to the deposition of the 
Tertiary beds. The crag-deposits of England and the forest-bed of 
Cromer are given as examples, and great str essis laid by Vogt on the 
presence of recent species of Mammalia, and of plants identical with 
those found in post-glacial deposits in the forest-bed. 
In Switzerland we have lowest of all the glacial loam, there con- 
sisting of a more or less grey or bluish unstratified clay, containing 
boulders. The large angular erratics of the Jura, at a height of 
1,600 métres above the sea, have been deposited by ‘the same action 
as the loam, and both form the limit of the greatest expansion of 
the Swiss glaciers. Above this glacial clay there exist considerable 
beds of pebbles, gravel, and sand, firmly cemented together by the 
infiltration of lime. Some of these pebbles are as large as a man’s 
head, and none exhibit grooves or strie: they are merely rounded 
by the action of water. These could only have been deposited after 
the retreat of the glaciers tgwards the Alps. Prof. Vogt considers 
that the retreat of these glaciers must have been a very complicated 
phenomenon, as the general features of the country existed then as 
at present. _ He denies the theory that the glaciers, at the period of 
their greatest extent, scooped out valleys and lake-basins in the soft 
Molasse, and considers that the glaciers remained for a long period 
in the valleys and basins, from which they sent forth branches be- 
tween the molasse-hills already free from ice. Traces of this action 
are seen in numerous terminal moraines, which testify to the pre- 
servation of the glaciers in the lake-basins and deeper valleys. A 
further retreat took place after the stoppage, which is indicated by- 
the numerous moraines which correspond with the alluvial terraces 
on the plains. Each of these stoppages may have continued for a 
long time; but throughout the whole period during which the 
glaciers retired, the formation of glacial clay, alluvium, rolled 
pebbles, and the transportation of boulders, continued without in- 
terruption. He quotes the authority of Desor in favour of this 
theory, and against that adopted by Morlot, Collomb, and many 
English authors. Admitting the fact that the old alluvium every- 
where overlies the boulder-clay, he considers it to be equally without 
doubt, that above this old alluvium le angular blocks intermingled 
with glacial clay and recent alluvium. He points out that the stra- 
tification of the terminal moraines above and below the old alluvium 
is nowhere demonstrated, and assumes that those blocks which rest 
upon the old alluvium have not been transported by glaciers, but 
by ice-blocks. A glacier of several thousand feet in thickness would 
have scooped the soil rather deep, whilst the extremity of a glacier 
searcely 100 feet thick might pass over a gravelly soil without 
digging deeply therein: ‘The lignite-beds and peat-bogs of Switzer- 
land are referred to as examples of deposits which have been over- 
whelmed and compressed by enormous masses of drift. It is probable 
that at least before the commencement of the Glacial period, if not 
immediately after it, England, the North of Europe, Denmark, and 
Norway were connected, whilst large districts to the east were 
under water. When the northern cold increased, the northern 
