Roberts— On the Rocks and Minerals of Finland. 535 
Gold, in grains and dendritic filaments, is met with at Kemi and 
Kuusamo. Native copper is produced in three localities—Orijarwi, 
Mantuwaura, and Pitkiranta. 
The minerals classed under the second heading are not represented 
by fine or important specimens. Zinc-blendes and molybdenas are 
in this classification necessarily associated with quartz in its simplest 
forms of rock-crystal, amethyst, rose-quartz, milk-quartz, &c., but 
the crystals of these do not attain the dimensions or the brillianey 
which distinguishes them elsewhere in Europe, as at St. Gothard, 
Oberstein, and Dauphiny. 
Minerals which are combinations of any two of the last sections 
are better illustrated in Finland. Among these are the two rare 
columbates of iron, tantalites, and ixiolite (which also contains 12°79 
of oxide of tin): these are all met with in albite-granite, at Kimito, 
Tamela—where there are great iron mines—and other places. Gah- 
nite, a spinel containing oxide of zinc, well known to us as occurring 
in the lavas of Vesuvius, occurs in well-defined and brilliant crystals 
at Kisko, Lojo, and Helsingfors ; true spinel at Sibbo and Lojo; te- 
traphyllin and pyrallolite, an altered magnesian form of pyroxene, at 
Pargas ; scheelite, a tungstate of lime, at Pitkiranta; staurolite, a 
silicate of alumina which has been artificially produced by the chemist, 
in fine crystals at Imbelax ; kyanite, with a delicate blue blush, at 
Pielisjiirwi (this mineral is sometimes passed by jewellers as the 
sapphire) ; zircon, which when found in small brilliant grains or 
crystals is popularly known as hyacinth, at Ojamo Eisengrube in 
Lojo ; cymophane, an opalescent yellowish-green chrysoberyl, one 
of the latest of Dr. Nordenskidld’s discoveries, at Ulrikasborg, near 
Helsingfors, where it occurs in a coarse granitoid garnet-bearing 
schist; marmolite, a pale-green waxy-looking variety of serpentine, 
from Tornoa ; frugardite, an idocrase, from Frugard; and tetraphyl- 
line, a rare anhydrous phosphate of iron, associated with the semi- 
transparent variety of tourmaline, known as indicolite, from 
Tammela. 
The tridiploiten section naturally includes fewer minerals. Among 
them are apatites, gypsum, meerschaum—not, however, the pure light 
material from which our pipe bowls are made, but a soft earthy ser- 
pentine—wittingite from Storkyro, for which rare substance Dr. 
Nordenskidld propounds the formula :—2 (Fe + 9 Mn) Si + 3 H; 
and degerite, Fe? Si? + 6 H, Fe? P, from Helsingfors. 
Minerals which are quaternary combinations are a more numerous 
and varied class ; comprising many of great variety, and several 
which are nearly unknown in England. Of such I may mention 
pitkarandite, in fine leek-green crystals, from Pitkaranta, an augitic 
mineral called by Scheerer ‘a paramorphic amphibole,’ a fine speci- 
men, showing the form of the crystals ; Steinheilite, a pale violet- 
coloured iolite, which may differ but little from dichroite,in amorphous 
masses veined with sulphuret of copper, from Orijairwi, Abo, and 
elsewhere ; the curious coal-black hornblendic mineral sordawalite 
(also met with, green), from Sordawala, where it occurs as thin layers 
