Notices of Memoirs — Bellamy's Map of Cyprus. 125 



presumably in Mediterranean waters ; but so far as the Ky tbrsean 

 beds are concerned this is disproved by the discovery of tests of 

 Globigerina in a slice of Macigno by Mr. Jukes-Browne. The gritty 

 material of these calcareous sandstones is, however, of volcanic 

 origin ; they may, in fact, be accumulations of volcanic dust and 

 felspathic grit ejected from a volcano, and spread out over the 

 sea-floor of the period. 



The absence of organic remains in the Trypanian limestones may 

 be accounted for by marmorosis and other metamorphic changes 

 which have taken place since they wei'e originally deposited. 



Above the Kythrsean Series come the grey Oligocene marls, 

 containing gypsum and alabaster, and above these the white 

 (Idalian) marls and chalks, which prove that the subsidence had 

 continued until the water was of great depth and deposits similar 

 to modern oceanic oozes could be formed. The subsidence was 

 brought to an end by an epoch of volcanic disturbance accompanied 

 by general upheaval. The Pliocene strata of Cyprus rest uncon- 

 formably upon the older rocks, and moreover they belong to the 

 younger members of that series, so that here we have a second break 

 in the geological history of the island. During this interval, and at 

 a time corresponding with the early Pliocene stage, the igneous 

 rocks would appear to have emerged and the mountain ranges came 

 into existence, only the summits of which, however, then showed 

 above the sea, constituting groups of islands, now the Troodos 

 Mountains on the south and the Kyrenia Hills on the north. 

 Among these islands spread the waters of the Pliocene sea, beneath 

 which the sandstones, conglomerates, and associated strata, all 

 fruitful in fossil remains, were being deposited. Subsequently the 

 waters receded and revealed the island, whose emergence may have 

 been perpetuated in the fable of Aphrodite rising from the waves. 

 This introduced the Pleistocene period. Later came high elevation 

 and torrential floods, which were responsible for much of the land 

 sculpture, and which changed the physical aspect of the country 

 into the condition in which it is now found. May it not be assumed 

 that this event also is still recorded in the annual ceremony of the 

 ■' Kataklysmos ' ? 



Eecent discoveries in Egypt and Syria indicate that in early 

 Pleistocene times there existed, to the south of Cyprus, a great 

 inland sea, leaving dry land all around Cyprus, which connected 

 it with the mainland of Asia on the north and with Syria on the 

 east. It was at this period that the mammalia, whose remains have 

 recently been discovered by Miss D. M. A. Bate in the Pleisto- 

 cene deposits of the caves among the Kyrenia Mountains, made 

 their way over from the mainland. They were no doubt denizens 

 of the great plains, now submerged, which separated the mountains 

 of Cyprus from those of Syria and Asia Minor, and whose grazing- 

 grounds were subsequently restricted to the estuaries of the Pedias 

 and Yalias, where now stretch the fertile corn lands of the Eastern 

 Mesaoria. 



8. Economics. — The industrial uses to which the rocks of Cyprus 



