200 Miss Dorothea M. A. Bate— 



have been introduced througli the agency of water. The same was 

 probably also the case in the other cave close by, in which it can 

 be seen that, previous to the stalagmitic flooring having been 

 disturbed, part of the bone breccia had reached to within about 

 a foot of the roof, and this in the portion of the cave where the 

 present entrance is situated. A curious point in connection with, 

 though perhaps hardly in support of, this theoi'y is that the different 

 species were not found indiscriminately mixed together in any one 

 deposit. The remains of the antelope and deer seem to be invariably 

 associated, though the proportions in which they occur may vary 

 in the different layers of the floor, as in the Kutri cave (p. 196). 

 Bones and teeth of small rodents were, in one or two cases, found 

 in the same deposit as the above ; similarly they occurred in a frag- 

 mentary portion of the upper layer of the breccia near Cape Maleka, 

 which besides these only contained remains of a pigmy elephant. 

 Further, no other species was observed in either of the two cave 

 deposits in which portions of a dwarf species of hippopotamus were 

 found, although one of these, as already mentioned, was situated 

 only a few yards from a cave containing remains of ruminants. 



As long ago as about the year 1842 ' some remains of a small 

 hippopotamus were obtained at Candia by Captain Graves, R.N., 

 though it was not known where they came from. Somewhat 

 later further specimens were procured at Kritsa, a large village 

 on the eastern base of the Lassethe Mountains, by M. Raulin,- who 

 was told that they had been found in the upland basin of Katharo. 

 This spot he visited, and subsequently described, but without finding 

 any specimens in the deposits in which they were said to occur. 

 Owing to this information Kritsa was visited at the earliest 

 opportunity, and here a small number of isolated hippopotamus 

 teeth were brought in by the villagers, and at length an old man 

 appeared who professed to know the locality from which they came. 

 The following day he took us to the upland basin of Katharo, which 

 is about three hours from Kritsa and nearly 4,000 feet above the 

 sea. Although already past the middle of May, at this height it 

 was bitterly cold, a keen wind bringing with it a damp and all- 

 enveloping fog. This spot is not permanently inhabited, only a few 

 shepherds staying here with their flocks during the summer months, 

 when they and their beasts obtain shelter in rudely built and 

 indescribably filthy hovels ; the only other buildings being one 

 or two small dedicatory chapels. A few crops of corn and vetches 

 struggle for existence, while a number of fruit-trees grow in shelter 

 of the northern hills. This mountain valley runs almost due east 

 and west, and is about two miles long and from half to three-quarters 

 of a mile wide. Completely encircled by hills, its surface presents 

 an undulating appearance, particidarly at its eastern extremity, and 

 it is intersected by a number of streams all flowing westward, in 

 accordance with the general inclination of the valley. These have 



' Spratt, op. cit., vol. ii, p. 386. 

 2 Ibid., pp. ,386-7. 



