344 Sir H. H. Hoioorth — The Baltic — The Ancylus Sea. 



In the peat Professor Torell found a number of forest-living shells, 

 such as Helix, Clausilia laminata, Vertigo costulata, Zua luhrica, 

 Succinea putris, etc., besides which were a number of fresh-water 

 shells, including three species of LimncBa, eight of Planorbis, two of 

 Bythinia, Fhysafontinalis, Ancylus lacnstris, Valvata cristata, Anodonta, 

 etc. ; there were also elytra of aquatic insects, branches, leaves, and 

 fruit of trees such as oaks, hazels, alders, etc., and aquatic 

 plants such as Calla, Mtjriophyllum,, CeratopJiyllum, NupJiar, etc. 

 Only three tree trunks occurred, one of oak and two of alder. 



In the sandy clay below the peat there occurred at a depth of 

 30 centimetres a knife of grey flint ; six inches from this was found 

 a polished and broken axe of yellowish flint, at a depth of 15 to 20 

 centimetres a mace of bronze with four projecting points and twelve 

 round studs on it, a dagger, a knife of flint 20 centimetres long and 

 with its point broken, some bone objects which looked as if they 

 had formed part of a sledge, two objects which gave rise to some 

 discussion afterwards ; and, lastly, two pieces of bone which had 

 served to haft a knife, which were artistically wrought and termi- 

 nated with the head of a dragon. These objects M. Bruzelins dated 

 approximately between the eighth and eleventh centuries, and he 

 argued that the subsidence of the peat bog had taken place some time 

 between the eighth and eleventh centui'ies. 



In the discussion which followed M. Bruzelins' paper at 

 Copenhagen, C. Vogt and Bertrand urged that the subsidence of 

 the ground as evidenced by the majority of the facts mentioned, 

 took place some time during the Stone or Bronze age, while the 

 presence of the solitary object, the knife handle, was accidental and 

 explainable in another way (see Comptes Eendus Cong. Prehist. 

 Arch. Copenhagen, 1873, pp. 15-30). 



Nathorst says that round the coasts of Zealand are found similar 

 witnesses to a post-Glacial sinking of the land as in Skane, in 

 the shape of peat bogs and submerged river-beds under the sea. 

 Subsequent elevation of the ground has again raised these beds as in 

 Skane above the sea-level, the latter process being evidenced by the 

 turf beds being covered with marine deposits. These contain the 

 same kind of shells as do the raised beaches on the opposite coasts 

 of Skane, namely, Cardium edide, Mytilus edidis, and Tellina balthica, 

 and where the water is deeper and Salter Litorina litorea and 

 Nassa reticulata (Sveriges Geologi, p. 277). 



A submarine forest has been reported from the south of the 

 island of Bornholm. Similar evidences are also forthcoming from 

 the district further south ; thus, according to Dr. Maack the remains of 

 the Schleiermiinder Burg on the coast of Schleswig-Holstein are now 

 always submerged by the sea, and the ancient Bramhorst near 

 Probstei has disappeared ; the stumps of the trees forming the forest 

 of this ancient shooting lodge are now to be found under the sea at 

 a distance of 400 or 500 feet from the shore, and two great rocks 

 near Travemiinde called Kriiger and Mowenstein, which were on 

 the shore 90 years ago, are now surrounded with water. Nilsson, 

 in fact, concludes from these and other observations that Scania and 



