552 Sir H. H. Hoicorth — Geological History of the Baltic. 



and in his memoir, Chr. vid. Selsk. Forli., 1867, p. 58, he says that 

 " the shells had reached him so labelled, but from what Mr. Crosskey 

 told him he doubted if they were not postglacial " (Brogger, 

 op. cit., p. 609). Brogger, in fact, suggests that, like other molluscs 

 in the Christiania fiord, it is a vagabond from American waters 

 (id., pp. 608-9). In his synopsis of the Post-Tertiary beds (id., 

 p. 650), he makes M^ja arenaria the index and typical shell of the 

 last and most recent stage in the littoral shell deposits in Scandinavia. 



Secondly, in a passage in paper II of this series (see p. 352) I 

 ventured to question whether in every case the raised shell-beds 

 marked the permanent level of the water or only its transient passage 

 after some impulse. This latter conclusion is doubtless sound in 

 some cases, but it cannot apply to all, for in many of them the 

 shells are clearly in situ. Thus Lyell expressly says that " in 

 the gravel -pits at Solna, near Stockholm, the shells consist 

 principally of Cardium edule and Tellina balthica, a great number 

 of which have both their valves united." Again, speaking of 

 Mytilus edidis at the same place, he says, " There has been a great 

 accumulation of this shell in the stratum, but it is almost entirely 

 decomposed, and is only recognized by the violet colour which it 

 has imparted to the whole mass" (Phil. Trans., 1835, p. 5). The 

 molluscs in this bed are therefore clearly in situ, and not remanie. 

 It is 30 feet above the level of the Baltic. 



In another bed at Brankyrka, 70 feet above the sea-level, the 

 shells are also clearly in situ, being described as embedded in 

 a peaty soil containing fragments of wood, which peat, Lyell 

 suggests, has been derived from seaweed, large accumulations of 

 which he saw heaped up in a bay of the Baltic near Solvitzborg, 

 intermixed with similar species of shells (id., p. 6). Again, at the 

 Blabacken and near the Quarnbacken, Lyell describes beds of marl 

 three feet thick, at a height of about 100 feet above the sea, as being 

 remarkable for the violet colour imparted to them by the decayed 

 Mytilus shells, and, he adds, " with the exception of the Mytilus 

 the shells are generally very entire" (id., p. 7). Again, in a bed 

 from 30 to 40 feet above the sea-level at Ulfva, on the banks of 

 the Fyrisa, he found a blue clay containing abundant specimens of 

 Tellina balthica entire, with both its valves and the epidermis. 

 Mytilus edidis, often much flattened and occasionally covered with 

 the small white flustra so commonly attached to it in the Baltic, also 

 occurred there (id., p. 14). From the opposite coast of Finland he 

 cites the discovery of a section with marl of a violet^ colour at the 

 height of 60 feet above sea-level at Nadendal, near Abo, as also 

 composed of the decomposition of Mytilus edidis, and as also con- 

 taining perfect specimens of Tellina balthica, Litorina litorea, 

 Z. rudis, and Paludina ulvce (id., pp. 22 and 23). 



In all these cases there can be no question of remanie or re- 

 arranged beds, but of beds in which the molluscs actually lived, 

 and which have been raised to the height of many feet above 

 the sea -level since the shell -fish were living; and they testify 

 unmistakably to a corresponding rise of the land, and not to a mere 



