8ir IT. H. Hoivorth — Geological History of the Baltic. 557 



trees were found rooted in the so-called moraine clay, including 

 those of a fair-sized oak wood. The level on which the trees grew 

 is now submerged to the extent of two feet. In the old harbour 

 of Copenhagen were also found remains of an old wood 20 feet 

 below the surface (Ussing, op. cit., p. 313). 



Another striking proof of the same fact is the submerged and 

 sinuous channel in the Odense fiord, or the Sound as we call it. The 

 course of this channel has been mapped out on one of the plans in 

 a volume of the Transactions of the Copenhagen Geological Survey. 

 From this it is clear that this furrow forms a continuation of the 

 Odense river, and its depth in certain places is more than 11-3 

 metres, or 36 feet, and it must, as Ussing says, be deemed the 

 former bed of that river. A proof of this is forthcoming in the 

 fact that the deepest tracks of the furrow are not where the fiord 

 is narrowest, and where, therefore, the scour is the greatest. Not 

 only so, but the channel itself, instead of having been the result 

 of scouring by a race or tide, has been and is being filled up. 

 Its bottom is covered with more than five metres thick of Cardium 

 mud, while outside the channel itself the deposit is not more 

 than one metre, which proves that here we have to do with 

 an old furrow or channel which is being choked up and not 

 cleared out. Similar conditions are found in the smaller and 

 subsidiary channels and in those which run into the principal branch, 

 forming, there can be little doubt, the drainage of the area of 

 the Sound when all or the greater part of that area was dry land. 



Again, I have ventured to argue in a previous paper that the 

 great collapse or breach, by which the Baltic was converted from 

 a fresh-water lake to a brackish sea, was, like the corresponding 

 upheaval further north, rapid or sudden, and took place while 

 man occupied the country. This enables us approximately to 

 date it. 



According to the latest opinion of Dr. 0. Montelius, the Swedish 

 archeeologist who has devoted the most time to the study of primitive 

 man in Scandinavia, the Bronze Age in Sweden began about 

 1700-2000 years b.o. This is an approximation deduced from. 

 a comparison of the shapes and ornaments on the bronze objects 

 in the northern lands with those of the Mediterranean, whose 

 probable date we can fairly fix, and it takes us back 3600-3900 

 years from the present time for the commencement of the Bronze 

 Age in Scandinavia. 



The preceding Neolithic age, judging from the enormous number 

 of monuments and remains it has left in the North, must have been 

 very prolonged. As many as 36,000 finds of the post-kitchen- 

 midden Stone Age had been reported from Sweden alone up to 

 the year 1874. The Neolithic age in Denmark has been divided 

 into two sections, one comprising the remains of the kitchen midden 

 times, i.e. of the older race of new Stone men who did not use 

 polished tools and had no domestic animals except the dog, and a 

 second era during which men used polished stone axes and more 

 shapely and elaborate chipped ones, and kept domesticated animals. 



