88 ONG AU 6 Jal) Jalal lays 
where the subsoil is permanently frozen to great depths. Partly 
coincident with the later stages of cliff cutting, and partly subsequent 
to the completion of certain portions of the cliff, has been the formation 
of a modern beach ridge. All parts of the latter are undoubtedly 
quite recent in age. The spit on which is situated the Friends’ Mission 
consists of several strands, or separate beach ridges, between which 
are marshy depressions and freshwater lakes at levels from 5 to 
10 feet above the level of the sea on one side and a brackish lagoon on 
the other side. 
Presuming that the upland represents as late a stage as the Wiscon- 
sin epoch, the earlier stages of the sea-cliff erosion would occupy a 
larger part of the Recent period, the oldest of the beach ridges would 
be relatively modern in age and the youngest, on which the mission 
stands and which is yet in process of formation, would belong to a very 
late portion of this last epoch, perhaps the last 500 years. The 
marshy ground immediately behind it would be of similar youth. 
The age of these beach ridges and marshes is chiefly of interest in 
connection with the remains of large animals which occur on them. 
Extending for about five miles along the northern shore of Hotham 
Inlet, northeast of the Pipe Spit, there is a sea-cliff from 30 to 75 feet 
high, interrupted by a valley one-half a mile wide. Sailing within 
several hundred feet of the western half of the cliff, I noticed in many 
exposures a stony clay of blue-gray color, doubtlessly till, extending 
nearly to the top of the bank. On the beach were some boulders 
derived from the cliff, but this is a less bouldery deposit than the till 
of the peninsula. Also, the till appears to be in places associated 
with irregularly stratified beds of sand and gravel. Landing at the 
eastern end of the cliff, I examined it westward for over two miles. 
West of the valley above-mentioned, all exposures were of stiff blue- 
gray till abounding in smocthed and siriated pebbles and some 
boulders which were chiefly of limestone and calcareous schist, a few 
of greenish altered diorite, quartzite, gneiss, and vein quartz. There 
is a noticeable absence of the gabbroic rocks so prominent in the drift 
of the peninsula. The till extends nearly or quite to the summit 
of the cliff and the silt formation of the peninsula was not identified 
here. 
The portion of the cliff east of the valley, extending about one and 
