264 STUART WELLER 
In central New York the history is somewhat different in that the 
Intumescens fauna does not penetrate there in its typical expression, 
and the Ithaca beds, which are equivalent to the Portage, carry a 
fauna which is in large part a Hamilton derivative, this being followed 
by the Chemung fauna. Still farther east, in the same state, the Portage 
epoch is represented by the non-marine Oneonta sandstone which is 
followed by marine beds with a recurrent fauna, which pass upward 
into the Chemung. In the extreme eastern portion of New York the 
non-marine Catskill conditions were doubtless constant from the 
beginning of the Upper Devonian until its close. 
THE INTERIOR CONTINENTAL PROVINCE 
Middle and U pper Devonian of the Interior Continental Province.— 
In passing from the Eastern Continental to the Interior Continental 
provinces, both the stratigraphic and faunal conditions are found to 
be totally different in almost every detail. In New York, where the 
Middle and Upper Devonian beds of the Eastern Continental Province 
have their most typical development, a maximum thickness of more 
than 3,000 feet of strata is recognized, and in the Appalachians in 
Pennsylvania the thickness is much greater, but in Iowa the total 
thickness of the Devonian beds of the Interior Continental Province 
is less than 300 feet. The entire series of Devonian beds in Iowa are 
commonly referred to the Middle and Upper Devonian, the Upper 
beds being unconformable upon the Middle,’ but the limits of these 
divisions do not correspond at all with the limits of the Middle and 
Upper divisions of the Devonian in the Eastern Continental Province. 
In the Middle Devonian of the Iowa geologists two major divisions 
are recognized, the Wapsipinicon and the Cedar Valley. Both the 
Wapsipinicon and the Cedar Valley are made up of minor formational 
units of more or less local development, and of these the Independence 
shales occupy a position near the base of the Wapsipinicon. The fauna 
of the Independence shales is the oldest of the Devonian faunas of 
Towa,” and it shows much in common with the fauna of the Lime Creek 
shale of the Upper Devonian of the same state. 
In the Upper Devonian three formations are included in Iowa, the 
Lime Creek shales, the State Quarry beds, and the Sweetland Creek 
t Calvin, Jour. Geol., XIV, 575; also Ia. Geol. Surv., XVII, 197. 
2 Calvin, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., IV, 725. 
