REVIEWS 383 
of stone artifacts, of the Moustérien type, imbedded with an interglacial 
fauna represented by the cave bear, cave lion, Cervus Elaphus, etc., in 
about five meters of cave earth, which is covered by rubble to a depth of 0.8 
meter. 
Penck holds that the cave earth calls for a thick vegetation in the dis- 
trict above the cave, and that the presence of these animals also strongly 
suggests such vegetation. He concludes that when these bones and artifacts 
were imbedded this region was warmer than now, for the cave is near the 
present timber line. There is no evidence that the fauna, whose remains 
are here imbedded, has occupied the region since the last or Wiirm stage 
of glaciation. This fact, taken with the stage of culture shown in the 
artifacts, gives a strong presumption of, if it does not clearly prove, man’s: 
presence there prior to the Wiirm stage of glaciation. Other instances, 
which have been cited to indicate man’s presence prior to the last glaciation, 
such as those in the French Jura at Conliége, and Hautecour, are in Penck’s 
opinion less clearly interpreted than the Wildkirchli. 
In the third volume the Durance and several small glaciers on the west 
side of the southern Alps, as well as the glaciers on the east side of these 
Alps, are treated by Penck. Those on the south side of the Alps in northern 
Italy, are discussed in part by Briickner. Of those in the eastern Alps the 
Save glacier is discussed by Briickner, while the Drau and those of the Mur 
district are discussed by Penck. The conclusion (Schluss) which contains 
a résumé of the physiographic and climatic conditions, and the chronology 
of the glacial period, is by Penck. 
The moraines formed on the borders of the Po plain in northern Italy 
reach enormous proportions, one on the edge of the Dora Baltea glacier 
attaining a height of about 500 meters above the low plain which it incloses, 
while those on the borders of Lago di Garda reach a still greater height 
above the bed of the lake. It is shown by Penck that the great Dora Baltea 
moraine, as well as those of several other glaciers, were formed mainly 
prior to the last or Wiirm glaciation. This was also the case on the north 
side of the Alps, but it has not been so clearly worked out in that region, 
though the outwash in the earlier stages points to more vigorous glaciation 
than obtained at the Wiirm stage of glaciation. 
In the conclusion, which covers 36 pages, several points are more clearly 
presented than in the somewhat diffuse detailed discussion. Among these 
are: (1) The snow line of the several glacial stages in comparison with that 
of today; (2) the causes for the depression of the snow line; (3) difference 
between snow line and timber line in the ice age; (4) position of the snow 
line on the glacier surface, and the conditions of the zone of waste and zone 
