Reueivs — D. W. Ft-eshfield — Bound Kanchenjanga. 75 



facility witii which he could at that time travel in eastern Nepal 

 he enjoyed advantages denied to more recent explorers. 



In the present case photography has largely contributed to the 

 value of "Hound Kancheujunga," and for most of these illustrations 

 the author is indebted to Signor Vittorio Sella, who had previously 

 proved his skill as a mountain photographer in the Alps, in the 

 Caucasus, and in Alaska. Prints of the original photographs have 

 already been in the hands of the public, and some of the illus- 

 trations have appeared in scientific periodicals. As regards maps, 

 Mr. Freshfield complains of the inadequate delineation of the 

 glaciers of Kanchenjunga. "Even Sir Joseph Hooker," he says, 

 "had not approached near enough to it to explore its glaciers, which 

 had consequently never been described by any competent hand ; 

 while many of them had never been visited by Englishmen. In 

 the sheets of official surveys they had been alternately ignored 

 and caricatured. There was no map in existence which even, 

 pretended to show the snows and glaciers of the region on any 

 system recognized in modern scientitic surveys." Consequently we 

 are presented with what Mr. Freshfield considers a glacier-map of 

 Sikhim should be, and in the construction of tbis he has mainly 

 been indebted to his companion Professor Garwood. This map is 

 a well-executed piece of work, and we doubt not that it attains to 

 a fair accuracy of detail in those glacier-basins which the travellers 

 themselves explored. 



So far as we are aware, no glacier region of the Himalayas has- 

 been more characteristically delineated, and certainly in the eastern 

 Himalayas nothing approaching the execution of this glacier-map 

 of Kanchenjunga has ever been attempted. The topography of this 

 huge mountain-knot, the ridge and valley system, the crests that 

 are crowned with perpetual snow, and the hollows that are filled with 

 ever-moving ice, all are brought out in a way which should rejoice 

 the chartographer. Roughly speaking, Kanchenjunga is a gigantic 

 cross, where a north and south ridge intersects with an east and 

 west ridge. The north summit of Kanchenjunga, 28,150 feet, results 

 from the intersection of the northern arete, whose buttress may be 

 taken as the Pyramid, 23,350 feet, with the very crooked western 

 arete, whose buttress is the wonderful mountain Jannu, 25,300 feet. 

 The southern summit of Kanchenjunga, 27,280 feet, distant rather 

 less than a mile from its neighbour, results from the intersection 

 of the southern arete, whose buttress is Kabru, 24,115 feet, with the 

 eastern arete, whose buttress may be taken as Simvu, 22,300 feet ; 

 or, if we extend the point a little further to the eastward, we reach 

 Siniolchum, 22,570 feet, a most picturesque mountain, which serves 

 both Waddell and Freshfield for a frontispiece. In the hollows 

 between these aretes we have, on the east, the gigantic Zemu glacier, 

 on the north-west the Kanchenjunga glacier, on the south-west 

 the Yalung glacier, on the. south-east the Talung glacier, — all four, 

 not to speak of minor ice-flows, radiating from the central massif 

 of Kanchenjunga. 



The first attempt of the party to round the mountain was by way 

 of the Zemu glacier, and they attained an elevation towards the^ 



