Revieics — D. W. Freshfield — Round Kanchenjunga. 77 



action, and finally reached the inhabited village of Khunza, where- 

 the party found themselves on Hooker's track of fifty years ago. 

 Having thus far stolen a march on the Nepalese authorities, it was- , 

 advisable to return into Sikhim as quickly as possible. This was 

 eflfected by way of the Chunjerraa pass, immortalized by Hooker 

 in his famous view of Jannii, and finally by way of the Kang La, 

 16,313 feet, where they crossed the continuation of the southern 

 ridge into territory under British protection. From Jongri they 

 reconnoitred the southern approaches of Kanchenjunga. 



Professor Garwood contributes an appendix on the geological 

 structure and physical features of Sikhim, which country, he says, 

 consists entirely of crystalline rocks for the most part of a uniform^ 

 and commonplace type. But to the physical geographer and 

 petrologist the country is rich in suggestive facts, whilst the 

 theoretical problems raised must await a more detailed survey. He- 

 does full justice to the accuracy of Hooker's original observations,. 

 and refers to attempts which have been made by Sherwill and 

 others to study tlie geology of the region. He has prepared what 

 he calls " material for a geological map of Sikhim," which is, in- 

 fact, a good unshaded topographical map with the local geological 

 features marked in red ink. 



Limiting our remarks to the western side of the deep Teesta- 

 valley, and more especially to the neighbourhood of Kanchenjunga, 

 we note the prevailing dips to be about east-north-east, the rocks 

 denoted being mainly varieties of gneiss with some mica-schists and 

 quartzites. Frequently it happens that the higher grounds present 

 the smallest degree of inclination. Thus, on or near Jannu dips to 

 the eastward of 5*^ and 10° are noted. The curious rock-tower on. 

 the summit of Jannu, judging from pictures, has almost the appear- 

 ance of a horizontal sedimentary series, but since the actual nature 

 of the rock is probably unknown the appearance taken for dip may 

 be deceptive. Selecting another buttress of the central massif, viz. 

 Kabru, this is marked as augen-gneiss dipping east-north-east 20°. 

 The mighty precipices north-east of Kanchenjunga towards the 

 head of the Zemu glacier are marked as " fine gneiss, intrusive 

 sheets of white granite and pegmatite," dipping 5° to the westward. 

 On the other hand, very high dips, approaching the vertical, are 

 noted towards the termination of the Zemu glacier in rock described 

 as "gneiss with pegmatite." This, of course, is in a compai-atively 

 low position ; we likewise notice in the principal valley of Lhonak 

 dips of 30° to the southwards in quartzose gneiss. Again, in the 

 deep valleys of the Kangit river-system, between Darjiling and 

 Jongri, are shown high dips in all directions, though not seldom to 

 the westwards, in mica-schists and gneiss. In these crystalline 

 rocks the observed dip is more or less an unknown quantity ; 

 nevertheless, in the sedimentary beds of portions of the north-west 

 Himalayas the feature of high dips in the valleys and lower dips on 

 the hill-tops is by no means uncommon. 



The petrology of Kanohenjunga and its buttresses is made out 

 partly by way of inference from boulders in the moraines, and 



