A Retrospect of Falcmntology for Forty Years. 155 



males to females, tlie horns of the Giraffida;, the antlers of the 

 deer tribe, and the horns in the Bovinas and Capridse being considered, 

 the reindeer and roedeer and sometimes the red-deer having, 

 antlered females, and the tusks also in the Suidse (in the Potamochceri) 

 being almost equal in size and shape to those of the males. Also he 

 wrote on a supposed camel and a nilghai (nylgJiau) from Samos ; the 

 former proved to be a hornless skull of the female Palceoiragus- 

 Bouenii, a small Giraffoid form, and the nilghai to be another of the 

 Giraffidge, Palceotragus vetustus. 



During his visit to Madagascar, in 1895, Forsyth Major was 

 fortunate in obtaining a nearly complete skeleton of Hip'popotamus 

 madagascariensis, which is now set up in the British Museum 

 Geological Gallery, and was photo-engraved in 1902 and described 

 by the discoverer. Like II. liheriensis, it is a pigmy form of the 

 great H. amphihitis of Africa. Besides the above there are in the 

 Mediterranean islands S". Pentlandi, S, inelitensis, and IT. minutiis, alL 

 pigmy forms. In 1903 the same author wrote on some new 

 Carnivora from the Middle Miocene of La Grive Saint-Alban, Isere, 

 France, and defined Progenetta certa, Leptoplesictis sp., Trocliarion 

 albanense, and TrocMctis Depreti. 



Numerous mammalian remains from Egypt have from time to 

 time been sent by Captain Lj'ons, the Director-General of the 

 Geological Survey, to the British Museum for determination, and 

 Dr. 0. W. Andrews during the last five years visited Egypt several 

 times in order to collect further material, which he has described 

 in a series of papers. In 1899 he noticed and figured Bracliyodus 

 africamis, a large anthracotheroid ungulate, of which a number of 

 allied forms have been described from European deposits ; he also 

 mentions the remains of a small species of Rhinoceros. 



Dr. Andrews made numerous expeditions with H. J. L. Beadnell 

 to the western desert, which resulted in the discovery of a number 

 of important mammalian remains of Zeuglodonts, Sirenians, and 

 PiiobeseidearT — oiLthese may be mentioned Eotherium (sgyptiacum, 

 Zeuglodon osiris, PalcBomastodon Beadnelli, MoRrither'mm Lyonsi, 

 M. gracile, BradytJieriiim grave, and Eosiren lihyca. Also from 

 the Wadi-Natrun remains of a small hippopotamus, a hipparion, 

 a small pig-like animal ; various antelopes were also obtained, 

 likewise remains of Ilip^Jotragiis Cordieri. 



In 1903 Andrews offered suggestions on the evolution of the 

 Proboscidea, and described the gradual increase in the complexity of 

 the molar teeth, the loss of incisors Nos. 1 and 3, and the great 

 increase in size of incisor No. 2, which eventually formed the tusk ; 

 the canines are also early lost; in the earliest forms some of the 

 cheek-teeth (milk-molars) are replaced by premolars in the usual 

 manner from beneath, and these teeth remain in wear simultaneously 

 with the true molars. In later forms no vertical succession takes 

 place ; as the milk-molars are worn they are shed, being replaced 

 from behind by the forward movement of the molars. Of these also 

 the anterior may be shed until, in old individuals of the later types^ 

 the last molar is alone functional. The molar teeth increase in 



